2. What are the similarities and difference on Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis theory? 3. For each molecule below, write the conjugate acid and base of each as a Lewis structure, noting any foal charges that fo. a. NH3​ b. H2​PO4​− c. HCO3​

The melting of ice is a spontaneous reaction at room temperature and pressure because it is accompanied by an increase of entropy.

The spontaneity of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (∆G), which is given by the equation:

∆G = ∆H - T∆S

where ∆H is the change in enthalpy, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and ∆S is the change in entropy. A reaction is spontaneous if ∆G is negative.

In the case of ice melting at room temperature and pressure, the process is accompanied by an increase in entropy because the solid phase (ice) has a more ordered arrangement than the liquid phase (water).

This increase in entropy (∆S) contributes a negative term to the ∆G equation, making ∆G negative and the reaction spontaneous.

Therefore, the correct option is (b) Melting is accompanied by an increase of entropy, which explains why the melting of ice is a spontaneous reaction at room temperature and pressure.

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a. The balanced chemical equation is: Zn+2HCl→ZnCl2+H2.

b. The overall reaction is: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

c. The spectator ion is: zinc

d. The net ionic equation is: Zn ₅ + 2H⁺ (aq) → Zn ²⁺ (aq) + H₂ (g)

Spectator ions are ions that are present in chemical processes but do not take part in them and are the same on both sides of the reactions. The spectator ions are cancelled from both sides of the equation in the net chemical reaction.

In general, ionic reaction occurs when anions and cations combine to generate a compound in a liquid or solid media. Water-insoluble salts are created when the ions of salts that are soluble in water interact with one another.

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Answer:

10,148 kJ

Explanation:

Did it on Engenuity 2022 and got it right - just double 5074

Answer:

10,148

Explanation:

Answer:

Frequency is 2Hz

Explanation:

Answer:

Thiols contain stronger acids than alcohols

Explanation:

Answer:

Sulfur is a bigger atom than oxygen and has a lower electgronegativity value. Therefore, the lone pair availability in thiol is higher than alcohol

Explanation:

The concentration of carbon in the iron-carbon alloy is approximately 0.2464% (or 0.002464 in decimal form).

To determine the concentration of carbon in the alloy, we need to consider the mass fractions of the microconstituents and their respective carbon contents.

Given:

Mass fraction of proeutectoid ferrite (α phase) = 0.700

Mass fraction of pearlite (eutectoid mixture of α phase and cementite) = 0.300

Let's assume that the carbon content in proeutectoid ferrite is denoted by %C_α and the carbon content in pearlite is denoted by %C_pearlite.

The overall concentration of carbon in the alloy can be calculated using the lever rule equation:

%C_total = (%C_α * mass fraction of α) + (%C_pearlite * mass fraction of pearlite)

Given that %C_α is 0.022% (or 0.00022 in decimal form) and %C_pearlite is 0.77% (or 0.0077 in decimal form), we can substitute these values into the equation:

%C_total = (0.00022 * 0.700) + (0.0077 * 0.300)

%C_total = 0.000154 + 0.00231

%C_total = 0.002464

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An adjustable-volume micropipette with a range of 0.5-10 μL would be the most accurate for dispensing 125 μL of solution.

What is the micropipette ?

A micropipette is a precision instrument used to accurately measure and transfer very small volumes of liquid, typically between 0.5 µL and 10 mL. It is commonly used in laboratories to prepare samples for chemical analysis and in medical applications to dispense precise amounts of medication. The micropipette is composed of a plunger, a tip, and a cylinder. The plunger is used to draw liquid into the tip, and the cylinder is used to release the liquid. The micropipette is usually operated using a thumbwheel or a push button that controls the plunger. The tip of the micropipette is designed to fit a range of different sized microtubes, allowing for accurate and repeatable transfer of liquids. The micropipette can be calibrated for accuracy, making it an invaluable tool for laboratories that need precise measurements of liquids.

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Organic molecules are more diverse compared to inorganic molecules due to the unique properties of carbon, its ability to form covalent bonds with other elements, and the presence of functional groups, allowing for a wide range of molecular structures and chemical reactions.

Organic molecules are primarily composed of carbon atoms, which possess a unique ability to form strong covalent bonds with other atoms, including carbon itself. Carbon atoms can bond with up to four other atoms, enabling the formation of complex and varied molecular structures. This property, known as catenation, allows carbon to form long chains, branched structures, and ring systems, resulting in an immense diversity of organic compounds.

Furthermore, carbon atoms can also bond with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, forming functional groups. These functional groups significantly influence the chemical behavior and reactivity of organic molecules. They introduce specific characteristics and properties, such as acidity, basicity, polarity, and the ability to undergo various types of reactions. The presence of functional groups further expands the possibilities for molecular diversity in organic compounds.

In contrast, inorganic molecules typically lack the same level of structural complexity and diversity found in organic molecules. While inorganic compounds can exhibit a range of chemical properties and reactions, they are often limited by the nature of their bonding and the types of elements involved. Inorganic molecules predominantly involve ionic bonding, where electrons are transferred between atoms, resulting in simpler and more repetitive structures

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The elementary step A + B → C is a bimolecular reaction, as it involves the collision of two molecules (A and B) to produce a new molecule (C). In a chemical reaction mechanism, elementary steps are the individual chemical reactions that make up the overall reaction.

They are characterized by their reaction order, which refers to the number of molecules involved in the reaction. In this case, the reaction order is two, as there are two molecules involved in the reaction. Bimolecular reactions are common in chemical reactions and are often the rate-determining step in a reaction mechanism. Understanding the reaction order of elementary steps is important in predicting the overall rate of a reaction and in designing efficient chemical reactions.

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the release of energy

The percent composition of the carbon in the C₆H₁₂O₆ is 40 %.

The chemical compound is  C₆H₁₂O₆.

The molar mass of the compound  C₆H₁₂O₆ = 180 g/mol

The mass of the carbon = 12 g

The percent composition is as follows :

Percent composition of the carbon = ( mass of the carbon / total mass of the compound ) × 100 %

Percent composition of the carbon = ( 72 / 180 ) × 100 %

Percent composition of the carbon  = 40 %

Thus the percentage composition if the carbon is 40 percent in the chemical compound  C₆H₁₂O₆ that is glucose.

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The correct option c. nonmetals. Nonmetals make up the majority of the elements of groups 16 through 18.

The position of an element on this periodic table has a significant impact on how that element is defined.

Elements of groups 16 through 18:

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An argumentative, plausible view of the literary work being evaluated is the claim in a literary analysis.

The claim in a literary analysis, which is an interpretation of a literary work, is the author's argument or viewpoint regarding the relevance or meaning of the work.

The assertion needs to be clear, debatable and backed up by textual evidence.

The claim in literary analysis is the main viewpoint or argument that the author is advancing regarding the relevance or meaning of the literary work under consideration.

The assertion should be a reasonable, disputed opinion that can be backed up by textual evidence, and it should be sufficiently detailed to be convincing and understandable to the reader.

For instance, in an interpretation of William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet," a writer can contend that, rather than a lack of courage, Hamlet's hesitation to exact revenge on his father's murderer stems from his desire for justice and his battle with indecision.

This assertion is both plausible and problematic because different readers or critics may interpret Hamlet's actions differently.

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The splitting of a heavy nucleus to form two or more lighter ones is called nuclear fission.

Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus of an atom is split into two or more smaller nuclei along with the release of a large amount of energy. This process usually occurs with heavy elements, such as uranium or plutonium, when they absorb a neutron and become unstable. The nucleus then splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing more neutrons and a large amount of energy in the form of gamma rays and kinetic energy.

Nuclear fission is an important process in nuclear power plants, where it is used to produce energy by generating heat that can be converted into electricity. It is also used in nuclear weapons, where the energy released in a fission reaction is used to create an explosion. However, the use of nuclear fission can also pose serious environmental and safety risks if not properly managed.

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Answer:

See below.

Explanation:

Aqueous copper chloride reacts with sodium hydroxide aqueous solution to give a precipitate (solid) of copper hydroxide and aqueous sodium chloride.

The unstable species is called as transition state.

Transition state in a chemical reaction is a point in the chemical reaction with highest potential or highest energy. This state is said to be the most unstable stage of any chemical reaction and this unstable stage exists between the substrate and the products.

When any chemical reaction takes place the energy of the reaction or the potential of the reaction gradually starts increasing as new bonds are about to form and the old bonds are ready to break. Once the reaction reaches a highest potential point we can see that at this point partial bond braking and partial bond is happening, this is called as the transition state.

As this is the unstable  state the reaction starts to loose energy as the product is formed.

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Answer:

Friction. Hope I helped.

Answer:

1/3p0

Explanation:

The combined gas law:

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2, where P, V and T are Pressure, Volume, and Temperature.  Temperature must always be in Kelvin.  The subscriopts 1 and 2 are for initial (1) and final (2) conditions.

In this case, temperature is constant (adiabatically). V1 = 2.0L and V2 = 6.0L.  I'll assume P1 = p0.

Rearrange the combined gas law to solve for final pressure, P2:

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

P2 = P1*(V1/V2)*(T2/T1)  [Note how I've arranged the volume and temoperature terms - as ratios.  This helps us understand what the impact of raising or lowering one on the variables will do to the system].

No enter the data:

P2 = P1*(V1/V2)*(T2/T1):  [Since T2 = T1, the (T2/T1) terms cancels to 1.]

P2 = p0*(2.0L/6.0L)*(1)

P2 = (1/3)p0

The final pressure is 1/3 the initial pressure.

Answer: a chemical change. A physical change would be like crushing up a piece of paper, you could fold it back out until its flat. A chemical change would be something unreversable, i.e. going from all the different ingredients to a fully b asked cookie. The yellowing of pages is due to oxidization.

Explanation:

The yellowing of the pages of an old book is a chemical change that happens due to the reaction of paper with the air and fungus present in the air.

Chemical changes are those changes that occur due to the reaction of two or more substances between them. These changes are irreversible. These changes change the physical and chemical condition of the substance.

A perceptible change would be comparable to crumpling up a sheet of paper and then folding it out again till it is flat.

An irreversible chemical shift would be going from all the various ingredients to a completely baked cookie. Oxidation is what causes the pages to turn yellow.

Thus, an old book's pages will eventually turn yellow due to a chemical interaction between the paper and the air and any fungi in the air.

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yeah it's NaCl, I just looked it up

Answer:

Yes

Explanation:

NaCl is table salt

Also known as sodium chloride

Explanation:

Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between two or more molecules and they can be overcome at high temperatures.

Answer:

Animal

Explanation:

It is true that according to Hubble's law, the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us.

It is true that the formation of a star occurs when nuclear fusion begins to fuse light elements into heavier ones;

The distance to the nearest stars can be determined by parallax, the apparent shift of a start against background stars observed as the earth moves along its orbit. (Option B)

Based on the accompanying H-R Diagram, the type of start that has the greatest temperature is the blue giants (Option C)

Two hydrogen atoms come together in a nuclear fusion reaction to produce Helium Gas. (Option A).

Hubble's law, which essentially states that the velocity of a galaxy (or, as it is commonly plotted, its redshift) is precisely proportionate to its distance, also reveals crucial information about the condition of the universe. There should be no relationship between distance and velocity if the cosmos is static and unchanging.

Hubble's law is the physical cosmology observation that galaxies move away from Earth at a rate proportionate to their distance. In other words, the farther they are from Earth, the quicker they are travelling away.

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Answer:

The answer is "Option B"

Explanation:

Formula:

Na atoms= Na atoms moles \times  NA

               \(= \frac{mass}{Na \ Molar\ mass} \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}\\\\= \frac{9.2}{23} \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}\\\\=0.2875 \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}\\\\=2.4 \times 10^{23}\ atoms \\\\\)

Answer:

chill

Explanation:

Answer:

its A

Explanation:

If more \(H_{2}\) and \(N_{2}\) are added to the reaction 3\(H_{2}\) + N2 → 2\(NH_{3}\) after it reaches equilibrium, two events will occur Shift in Equilibrium and Increased Yield of \(NH_{3}\)

1. Shift in Equilibrium: According to Le Chatelier's principle, when additional reactants are added, the equilibrium will shift in the forward direction to consume the added reactants and establish a new equilibrium. In this case, more \(NH_{3}\) will be produced to counteract the increase in \(H_{2}\) and \(N_{2}\).

2. Increased Yield of \(NH_{3}\): The shift in equilibrium towards the forward reaction will result in an increased yield of \(NH_{3}\). As more \(H_{2}\) and \(N_{2}\) are added, the reaction will favor the production of \(NH_{3}\) to maintain equilibrium. This will lead to an increase in the concentration of \(NH_{3}\) compared to the initial equilibrium state.

It is important to note that the equilibrium position will ultimately depend on factors such as the concentrations of \(H_{2}\), \(N_{2}\), and \(NH_{3}\), as well as the temperature and pressure of the system. By adding more reactants, the equilibrium will adjust to achieve a new balance, favoring the formation of more \(NH_{3}\).

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In the optimized Lewis structure of PO4 3-, there are zero non-bonding electrons on the central atom.

First, let's look at the Lewis structure of PO4 3-. The central atom is phosphorus (P), which is bonded to four oxygen (O) atoms. Each oxygen atom is bonded to the central phosphorus atom with a single bond, and each oxygen atom also has three pairs of non-bonding electrons.

The Lewis structure of PO4 3- looks like this:

      O
     /
P - O - O
     \
      O

Each single bond in the structure represents two electrons, so there are a total of eight bonding electrons around the central phosphorus atom. Phosphorus has five valence electrons, so there are a total of thirteen valence electrons around the central atom.

To minimize the formula charges, we need to make sure that the central atom has a full octet of eight electrons. Since there are already eight bonding electrons around the central atom, there are no non-bonding electrons on the central atom.

Therefore, the answer to the question is zero non-bonding electrons on the central atom in the optimized Lewis structure of PO4 3- in which the formula charges are minimized.

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