What is a spontaneous reaction?
OA. A reaction with a high activation energy
OB. A reaction that occurs without the addition of energy
OC. A reaction with a low activation energy
OD. A reaction that requires an input of energy to occur

The electron donor is \(H_2\).

The electron acceptor is \(NAD^+\)

When the electron donor loses the electron, it becomes oxidized.

When the electron acceptor accepts the electron, it becomes reduced.

Overall, the electron travels from H to  \(NAD^+\).

Oxidation is defined as:

Reduction is defined as:

Looking at the reaction, \(NAD^+\) gained hydrogen or an electron to become NADH. this means that NADH has been reduced. The reducing agent or the electron donor is \(H_2\) .

Thus, the electron acceptor is \(NAD^+\). When the electron donor, \(H_2\), loses the electron, it becomes oxidized to \(H^+\).

When the electron acceptor, \(NAD^+\), accepts the electron, it becomes NADH.

This means that electron travels from  \(H_2\) to \(NAD^+\)

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Tthe initial temperature of the polystyrene sample is 39.4°C.

Given: Mass of polystyrene sample = 54.2 gSpecific heat of polystyrene = 1.880 J-g°CWater mass = 100.0 g Initial water temperature = 21.0°CWater final temperature = 34.3°CPressure remains constant at 1 atmFormula used:Heat gained by water = heat lost by polystyreneHence,Heat lost by polystyrene = Heat gained by water=> mcΔT = mcΔTwhere,m = mass of polystyrene or waterc = specific heat capacityΔT = change in temperatureThe temperature change is ΔT = 34.3°C - 21.0°C = 13.3°CNow we can use this temperature change to calculate the initial temperature of the polystyrene.Taking the water's specific heat capacity, c = 4.184 J/g°CHeat gained by water = (100.0 g)(4.184 J/g°C)(13.3°C) = 5574 JHeat lost by polystyrene = 5574 JTaking the polystyrene's specific heat capacity, c = 1.880 J/g° ) = 13.3°C Now let's calculate the mass of polystyrene using the specific heat capacity formula.5574 J = (54.2 g)(1.880 J/g°C)(13.3°C - Ti)Ti = 39.4°C

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Answer:

It can be done by crystallization, filtration or sublimation. The easiest method among the three is separation by sublimation. Ammonium chloride sublimes upon heating.

Explanation:

Answer:

Its a compound :PP

Explanation:

have a good day

Answer:

Compound

Explanation:

The addition of hydrochloric acid to a reaction mixture can serve several purposes, depending on the specific reaction and its conditions such as: (1) To provide protons (H⁺), (2) To adjust the pH of the reaction mixture, (3) To remove impurities or byproducts.

(1) To provide protons (H⁺) for acid-catalyzed reactions: HCl is a strong acid, meaning it readily donates protons to other molecules. In some reactions, the presence of HCl can accelerate the reaction by increasing the concentration of protons in the reaction mixture. This can facilitate bond-breaking and bond-forming steps in the reaction mechanism.

(2) To adjust the pH of the reaction mixture: In some reactions, it may be necessary to maintain a specific pH range for the reaction to proceed optimally. By adding HCl, the pH of the reaction mixture can be lowered, making the environment more acidic. Conversely, the addition of a base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can raise the pH of the reaction mixture.

(3) To remove impurities or byproducts: In some reactions, the addition of HCl can help to remove impurities or byproducts that may interfere with the desired reaction. For example, HCl can be used to remove metal oxides or hydroxides from a reaction mixture.

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The process used 4.86 moles of hydrogen gas to generate 3.24 moles of ammonia gas.

According to the balanced chemical equation, the stoichiometry of the reaction shows that 3 moles of hydrogen gas (H₂) react with 1 mole of nitrogen gas (N₂) to produce 2 moles of ammonia gas (NH₃).

So, for every 2 moles of NH₃ produced, we need 3 moles of H₂ consumed. Therefore, to determine the moles of H₂ consumed, set up a proportion:

3 moles H₂ / 2 moles NH₃ = x moles H₂ / 3.24 moles NH₃

where x is the number of moles of H₂ consumed.

Solving for x:

x = (3 moles H₂ / 2 moles NH₃) x (3.24 moles NH₃) = 4.86 moles H₂

Therefore, 4.86 moles of hydrogen gas were consumed in the reaction to produce 3.24 moles of ammonia gas.

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Answer:

metals, non-metals

Explanation:

Ionic bonding results from electron transfer. To form this bond type, metals lose electrons and becomes positive ions. While non-metals gain electrons to become negatively charged.

Answer: 13.23 degrees C

Explanation:

Q= mc(Tfinal-Tinitial)

(Use the specific heat equation)

The final temperature of the water after the absorption of 12.28 kJ of energy has been 13.23 \(\rm ^\circ C\).

Specific heat can be defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius.

The specific heat can be expressed as:

Heat = mass \(\times\) specific heat \(\times\) (Final temperature - Initial temperature)

From the given:

12.28 kJ = 325 g \(\times\) 4.184 J/g\(\rm ^\circ C\) \(\times\) (Final temperature - 4.2 \(\rm ^\circ C\))

12.28 \(\times\) 1000 J = 1,359.8 (Final temperature - 4.2 \(\rm ^\circ C\) )

12,280 = 1,359.8 (Final temperature - 4.2 \(\rm ^\circ C\) )

9.03 = Final temperature - 4.2 \(\rm ^\circ C\)

Final temperature = 13.23 \(\rm ^\circ C\)

The final temperature of the water after the absorption of 12.28 kJ of energy has been 13.23 \(\rm ^\circ C\).

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Answer:

to protect it from harm

Explanation:

Answer:

What is the net ionic equation for a reaction between HCl and NaOH?

Explanation:

A salt is a neutral ionic compound. Let's see how a neutralization reaction produces both water and a salt, using as an example the reaction between solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. The overall equation for this reaction is: NaOH + HCl → H2O and NaCl

Hope that helped.

Answer: H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l)

Explanation: The net ionic equation is H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l). The complete ionic equation will show all aqueous substances as ions while pure liquids and solids will be shown in their molecular form as that is how they exist in solution.

Answer:

Explanation:

Here, we want to get the percentage yield

Mathematically, we have that as:

We have the actual yield, now let us calculate the theoretical yield

We start by writing the complete equation of the reaction

We have that as:

In a combustion reaction, the hydrocarbon which in this case methane is usually the limiting reactant

Thus, we can calculate the mass of water produced by using the mass of Pentane given

Firstly, we need to get the number of moles of pentane that reacted

To get that, we have to divide the mass of pentane given by the molar mass of pentane

The molar mass of pentane is 72 g/mol

Thus, we have the number of moles as:

From the equation of reaction:

1 mole of pentane produced 6 moles of water

0.311 mole of pentane will produce:

Now, to get the mass of water produced

We multiply this number of moles by the molar mass of water

The molar mass of water is 18 g/mol

That means the mass theoretically produced will be:

From here, we have the percentage yield as:

Answer:

C. Biotin

Explanation:

The pyruvate dehydrogenase is one of the three enzymes in the multi-enzyme complex, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which is responsible for the oxidation of pyruvate from glycolysis to acetylCoA and CO₂. It is known as E₁ in the enzyme complex. The other three enzymes in the complex are dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, E₂, and dihydrilipoyl dehydrogenase, E₃. E₂ is located at the center with E₁ and E₃ located at both ends of E₂. E₁ catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate and the electrons generated are used in the reduction of the disulfide of lipoate bound to E₂ . E₂ catalyses the transfer of acetyl group to coenzyme A, forming acetylCoA. E₃ catalyzes the regeneration of the disulfide form of lipoate and the electrons produced are first passed to FAD and then to NAD+.

Five cofactors are required in the reaction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction : thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD), coenzyme A (CoA-SH), nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and lipoate.

Biotin is not a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase.

The value of the absorbance as the concentration of the solution increases then the higher the concentration the higher its absorbance

According to the lambert law states that the amount of energy absorbed or transferred by a solution is proportional to the molar absorptivity of the solution and the concentration of the solute this means that concentrated solution absorbed more light than dilute solution then the absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration and as the concentration goes up the more radiation is absorbed and the absorbance goes up  the higher the concentration the higher its absorbance

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One factor that affects sample absorbance is concentration (c). As the concentration increases, more radiation is expected to be absorbed and the absorption increases. Therefore, absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. The higher the concentration, the higher the absorbance.

The second element is the path length . The longer the path length, the more molecules are in the path of the radiation beam, thus increasing the absorbance. Therefore, path length is directly proportional to concentration.

If concentrations are given in moles/liter and path lengths are given in centimeters, the third factor is known as molar absorbance ( ). Some research areas talk more about extinction coefficients. When spectroscopy is used to measure the concentration of a sample, a specific wavelength of radiation is selected to irradiate the sample. As you probably know from other experience, certain chemical species absorb certain wavelengths of radiation and not others. Molar absorptivity is a measure of how much a species absorbs at a particular wavelength of radiation to which it is exposed. The process of absorbing electromagnetic radiation involves the excitation of species from ground states to higher energy excited states. This process is called an excited transition, and excited transitions have probabilities of occurrence. It is appropriate to talk about the allowed range of possible energy transitions within a chemical species.

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The options that could occur if energy is removed from a system are options A, C, E, and H. When energy is removed, the temperature drops and the average kinetic energy of the molecules decreases.

If energy is removed from a system, then the following changes could occur:

Option A: Liquids can be converted to gases- The intermolecular forces between the molecules of the liquid are weakened when energy is removed. This causes the molecules to move faster and eventually turn into gas.

Option C: Gases can be converted to liquids- When energy is removed from a gas, the molecules slow down and are less likely to overcome the intermolecular forces that hold them together. This leads to condensation, where the gas molecules come together to form a liquid.

Option E: Liquids can be converted to solids- When energy is removed from a liquid, the molecules slow down and lose their ability to move past one another. This causes the liquid to freeze and become a solid.

Option H: Average kinetic energy will decrease- The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a system is directly proportional to the temperature. When energy is removed, the temperature drops and the average kinetic energy of the molecules decreases.Thus, the options that could occur if energy is removed from a system are options A, C, E, and H.

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Types of luminous flames:

1. Yellow Luminous Flame

2. Smoky Luminous Flame

3. Orange Luminous Flame

4. Blue Luminous Flame

Luminous flames are characterized by their visible glow, which is caused by the incomplete combustion of fuel. The presence of soot particles in the flame causes the emission of light. There are different types of luminous flames, which can be classified based on their fuel composition and burning conditions. Here are some common types of luminous flames:

1. Yellow Luminous Flame: This is the most common type of luminous flame, often seen in open fires, candles, and gas stoves. It appears yellow due to the presence of soot particles in the flame. Yellow flames indicate incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, such as methane, propane, or natural gas. The high carbon content in these fuels leads to the formation of soot, which emits visible light.

2. Smoky Luminous Flame: This type of flame is characterized by a significant amount of black smoke and soot production. It is commonly observed in poorly adjusted or malfunctioning burners or engines. The excessive presence of unburned fuel in the flame results in incomplete combustion and the emission of dark smoke particles.

3. Orange Luminous Flame: An orange flame indicates a higher combustion temperature compared to a yellow flame. It is often seen in more efficient burners or when burning fuels with a higher carbon content, such as oil or diesel. The higher temperature helps in burning more of the carbon particles, reducing the amount of soot and making the flame appear less yellow.

4. Blue Luminous Flame: A blue flame is typically associated with complete combustion. It indicates efficient burning of fuel, resulting in minimal soot formation. Blue flames are commonly observed in gas burners or Bunsen burners. The blue color is a result of the combustion of gases, such as methane, in the presence of sufficient oxygen.

It's important to note that the luminosity of a flame can vary depending on factors such as fuel-air mixture, combustion temperature, and the presence of impurities. Achieving complete combustion and minimizing the production of soot is desirable for efficient and cleaner burning processes.

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The waves that  has the greatest wavelength is Wavelength shown with 1 wavelength stretched over a long distance.

A wave could be a disturbance or variety that voyages through a medium or space, carrying vitality without transporting matter. Waves can take different shapes and happen totally different sorts of waves, counting mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves.

Mechanical waves require a medium to propagate, meaning they require a substance like water, discuss, or a strong fabric to transmit the wave. Illustrations of mechanical waves incorporate water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves. In these waves, particles of the medium sway or vibrate in a design, exchanging energy from one molecule to another.

Electromagnetic waves, on the other hand, don't require a medium and can travel through vacuum, such as in space. Electromagnetic waves comprise of electric and attractive areas swaying opposite to each other and to the heading of wave engendering. Illustrations of electromagnetic waves incorporate obvious light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, bright waves, X-rays, and gamma beams.

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Acetaminophen is used to treat patients with aches and fever. It is safe to give a dose of 4 grams in 24 hours period.

It is an effective medicine which does not require much time to provide relief to the patient.

Usually tylenol is the best medicine which consists of Acetaminophen in appropriate quantity to provide relief from pain and fever.

The reporting for the doses introduced to the patient must be routine since it is not an emergency case.

The correct answer is a. Routine

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The energy of an electron in the n=3 energy state of a hydrogen atom is 2.42 x 10 to the power of 19 J

To design a device for turning salt water into freshwater, we can leverage the processes involved in the water cycle, particularly evaporation and condensation.

The first step in the process is evaporation. By subjecting salt water to heat, we can initiate the evaporation process, just as the sun's heat causes water bodies to evaporate in nature.

The heat source can be provided by solar energy or through other means such as thermal energy. As the salt water is heated, the water molecules transition from a liquid state to a gaseous state, leaving the salt and other impurities behind.

The next step is condensation. The water vapor generated during evaporation needs to be collected and condensed back into a liquid form. This can be achieved by cooling the vapor, causing it to condense into freshwater. The condensed freshwater can then be collected and stored for use.

To enhance the efficiency of the process, additional techniques such as membrane filtration or reverse osmosis can be employed. These methods involve passing the salt water through a semipermeable membrane that allows the water molecules to pass through while trapping the larger salt particles and impurities.

By combining evaporation, condensation, and filtration techniques, a device can be designed to effectively convert salt water into freshwater. Such devices are commonly known as desalination plants or desalination units. They are utilized in areas where access to freshwater is limited, such as coastal regions with abundant seawater resources but scarce freshwater supplies.

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Answer

The mass in grams of AgBr formed = 3.84 g

Explanation

The given parameters are:

Volume of AgNO3 = 50.5 mL

Molarity of AgNO3 = 0.405 M

What to find:

The mass in grams of AgBr formed.

Step-by-step solution:

Step 1: Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

The balanced chemical equation for AgNO3 treated with an excess of aqueous hydrobromic acid is

Step 2: Convert the volume of 0.405 M AgNO3 that reacted to moles.

The moles of AgNO3 that reacted can be determined using the molarity formula.

The volume of AgNO3 needs to be converted from mL to L using the conversion formula below.

Conversion factor: 1000 mL = 1 L

50.5 mL = (50.5 mL/1000 mL) x 1 L = 0.0505 L

So,

Step 3: calculated the moles of AgBr formed.

Using the mole ratio of AgNO3 and AgBr in step 1 and the moles of AgNO3 in step 2; the moles of AgBr is calculated as shown below.

Step 4: Convert the moles of AgBr formed in step 3 to mass in grams.

Note that the molar mass of AgBr = 187.77 g/mol

Mass in grams of AgBr formed can be calculated using the mole formula.

Therefore, the mass in grams of AgBr formed when 50.5 mL of 0.405 M AgNO3 is treated with an excess of aqueous hydrobromic acid is 3.84 g.

Answer:

9,339,136 J

Explanation:

Convert km/hr to m/s:

(110km/s)(1000m/km)(1hr/60min)(1min/60s) = 30.56m/s

KE = (1/2)mv^2 = (1/2)(20,000kg)(30.56m/s)^2 = 9,339,136 J

Answer:

3.43 moles

Explanation:

To convert moles into grams you must take the number of grams and divide it by the atomic mass of the compound.

in this case, grams is 151 and N2O has an atomic mass of 44.013

so your equation would look like

151/44.013=3.430804535

your answer would be 3.43 moles

Ammonia which is denoted by NH₃ would most deviate from the kinetic

molecular theory.

Kinetic molecular theory of gases indicates that the molecules are in

constant motion thereby exhibiting perfectly elastic collisions. Ammonia

have a high van der waals constant and critical temperature which makes

its state unstable.

The state of matter of Ammonia isn't stable and is regarded as a temporary

gas as a result of it exhibiting more tendencies to liquefy and change to

liquid state.

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Answer:

Some flowers are tall, others short, and finally some plants are an intermediate height. The tallest plants shade the shorter; the taller plants are

Explanation:

Approximately 194.0 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) would be required to prepare a 5000 mL solution with a concentration of 0.215 M.

To determine the mass of glucose (C6H12O6) required to prepare a 0.215 M solution in 5000 mL, we need to use the formula:

Molarity (M) = moles of solute / volume of solution (in liters)

First, let's convert the volume of the solution from milliliters (mL) to liters (L):

5000 mL = 5000/1000 = 5 L

Now, we can rearrange the formula to solve for moles of solute:

moles of solute = Molarity (M) x volume of solution (L)

moles of solute = 0.215 M x 5 Lmoles of solute = 1.075 mol

Since glucose (C6H12O6) has a molar mass of approximately 180.16 g/mol, we can calculate the mass of glucose using the equation:

mass of solute = moles of solute x molar mass of solute

mass of glucose = 1.075 mol x 180.16 g/mol

mass of glucose = 194.0 g (rounded to three significant figures)

Therefore, approximately 194.0 grams of glucose (C6H12O6) would be required to prepare a 5000 mL solution with a concentration of 0.215 M. It's important to note that the molar mass of glucose used in this calculation may vary slightly depending on the level of precision required.

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To determine the answer, we need to calculate the standard free energy change of the reaction using the equation ΔG° = -234.55 kJ/mol.

Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property of a system that expresses the heat energy involved in a process, as well as the work that may be done at a constant pressure. It is represented by the symbol "H" and is usually measured in units of Joules or Calories.

Enthalpy change (ΔH) is often used to describe the difference between the enthalpy of the reactants and the products in a chemical reaction. It can be either positive endothermic or negative exothermic, depending on whether heat is absorbed or released during the reaction.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The pH of a solution can be found by using the formula

\(pH = - log [ {H}^{+} ]\)

From the question we have

\(ph = - log(2.5 \times {10}^{ - 8} ) \\ = 7.60205\)

We have the final answer as

7.6

Hope this helps you