Penetration theory evolved into Surface renewal theory because of the limitations of the penetration theory. Surface renewal theory evolved to explain the renewal of mass and heat transfer between a fluid and a surface.
It was first introduced by Grant and Stewart (1954).Penetration theory is a mass transfer theory which describes the absorption of gases in a liquid. It was first introduced by Whitman in 1923. It assumes that the boundary layer is stationary, that the diffusion of the solute occurs entirely within the boundary layer, and that it can only be absorbed when it reaches the surface. Surface renewal theory explains how mass and heat transfer are renewed between a fluid and a surface. It assumes that the concentration or temperature at the surface changes due to the renewal of fluid at the surface. The change in concentration or temperature causes the transfer of mass or heat.
The rate of change in concentration or temperature is proportional to the rate of renewal of fluid at the surface. The evolution of penetration theory into surface renewal theory is an improvement over the former. Surface renewal theory takes into account the dynamics of the surface in the transfer of mass and heat, which penetration theory does not consider. This is why the former is more advanced than the latter. Therefore, the evolution from penetration theory to surface renewal theory can result in the betterment of the theory. This is because it provides a more accurate explanation of the transfer of mass and heat between a fluid and a surface.
To learn more about Penetration theory:
https://brainly.com/question/30005162
#SPJ11
A horizontal curve of a two-lane undivided highway (12-foot lanes) has a radius of 678 feet to the center line of the roadway. An old building (sight obstruction) is located 30 feet from the edge of the innermost lane. The road is level and the superelevation is 0.06. Please determine the maximum speed for safe vehicle operation on this horizontal curve.
Answer:
maximum speed for safe vehicle operation = 55mph
Explanation:
Given data :
radius ( R ) = 678 ft
old building located ( m )= 30 ft
super elevation = 0.06
Determine the maximum speed for safe vehicle operation
firstly calculate the stopping sight distance
m = R ( 1 - cos \(\frac{28.655*S}{R}\) ) ---- ( 1 )
R = 678
m ( horizontal sightline ) = 30 ft
back to equation 1
30 = 678 ( 1 - cos (28.655 *s / 678 ) )
( 1 - cos (28.655 *s / 678 ) ) = 30 / 678 = 0.044
cos \(\frac{28.65 *s }{678}\) = 1.044
hence ; 28.65 * s = 678 * 0.2956
s = 6.99 ≈ 7 ft
next we will calculate the design speed ( u ) using the formula below
S = 1.47 ut + \(\frac{u^2}{30(\frac{a}{3.2} )-G1}\) ---- ( 2 )
t = reaction time, a = vehicle acceleration, G1 = grade percentage
assuming ; t = 2.5 sec , a = 11.2 ft/sec^2, G1 = 0
back to equation 2
6.99 = 1.47 * u * 2.5 + \(\frac{u^2}{30[(11.2/32.2)-0 ]}\)
3.675 u + 0.0958 u^2 - 6.99 = 0
u ( 3.675 + 0.0958 u ) = 6.99
o i want to become computer engineer in my future ... can somebidy tell me about it in detail .. which subject should we choose after 10 and other..
Answer:
i think a counsellor would help uh better than a random next door person
even I visited the councellor nd now I'm pretty sure with my career
help protect the lower legs and feet from heat hazards like molten metal and welding sparks
Answer:
i think its called leggings thats wut my shop teacher told me
Explanation:
Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. The
condenser pressure is 8 kPa, and saturated vapor enters the turbine at (a) 18 MPa and (b) 4 MPa. The net power output of
the cycle is 100 MW. Determine for each case the mass flow
rate of steam, in kg/h, the heat transfer rates for the working
fluid passing through the boiler and condenser, each in kW,
and the thermal efficiency.
Answer:
1021c.
Explanation:
''.''
if the cabin rate of climb is too great, the control should be adjusted to cause the
If the cabin rate of climb is too great, it means that the cabin is ascending too quickly, which can cause discomfort or even physical harm to passengers and crew members. In such a scenario, it is essential to adjust the control to bring the cabin rate of climb back to an acceptable level.
One way to do this is by reducing the engine power or increasing the angle of attack, which can slow down the aircraft's ascent. Another option is to adjust the cabin pressure controller, which can regulate the rate of change in cabin pressure and prevent sudden pressure changes that can cause discomfort or injuries.
It is crucial to act quickly and adjust the controls appropriately to ensure the safety and comfort of everyone on board. Failure to do so can result in serious consequences, such as passenger injuries, equipment damage, or even accidents.
In summary, if the cabin rate of climb is too great, adjusting the control is necessary to prevent discomfort or harm to passengers and crew members. This can be done by reducing engine power, increasing the angle of attack, or adjusting the cabin pressure controller, among other options.
Learn more about passengers here:-
https://brainly.com/question/199361
#SPJ11
when servicing piston rods and pins it is important to always
Answer:
Pistons should be inspected and measured.
Explanation:
All residential sprinklers are required to have a thermal element or bulb, which is listed as?
All residential sprinklers exist required to have a thermal element or bulb, which is listed as Quick response.
What is Residential sprinklers?The sprinkler stands as just a plug that holds back water in a pipe similar to your other plumbing pipes. The heat from a fire will damage a glass tube or melt a solder plug which releases the water. The water reaches out as a spray that protects the area immediately around the sprinkler, putting out the fire.
RFSS offers effective life safety protection in residential occupancies, including smaller dwellings, where delayed fire department response times can improve the risk of loss of life. Fire sprinkler systems established inside a building utilize less water than water streams from fire hydrants.
Quick response manufacturing exists as an approach to manufacturing that accentuates the beneficial effect of decreasing internal and external lead times. A quick response (QR) code exists as a kind of barcode that can be read easily by a digital device and which stores data as a series of pixels in a square-shaped grid.
QR codes exist frequently used to track information about products in a supply chain and are often employed in marketing and advertising campaigns.
Hence, All residential sprinklers exist required to have a thermal element or bulb, which is listed as Quick response.
To learn more about Residential sprinklers refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/3445302
#SPJ4
Masking decisions are made when developing a refinishing plan.
True
O False
Table of Contents
Masking decisions are made when developing a refinishing plan: True.
What is a refinishing plan?A refinishing plan can be defined as a process through which automobile vehicles or other mobile equipment are coated with a paint and masking tape during repair, so as to beautify them and give it a new look.
This ultimately implies that, masking decisions are made by an engineer when developing a refinishing plan.
Read more on refinishing plan here: https://brainly.com/question/14576233
#SPJ1
technician a says that brake fluid that is allowed to remain uncovered absorbs water. technician b says that if brake fluid is accidentally spilled on a fender of a vehicle, it can damage the paint. who is correct?
Technician A and Technician B both are correct as brake fluid that is allowed to remain uncovered does absorb water and brake fluid can damage the paint on a vehicle's fender if it is accidentally spilled.
Technician A is correct because brake fluid is hygroscopic, which means it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. This water can corrode brake parts and lead to failure, as well as increase the fluid's boiling point, leading to brake fade and reduced stopping power.
Technician B is also correct because brake fluid is made up of corrosive materials that can break down paint and other surfaces. If the brake fluid is not cleaned off the fender immediately, it can cause permanent damage to the paint.
You can learn more about corrosive materials at: brainly.com/question/29632416
#SPJ11
On the position time curve, if the slope of a tangent at a point is positive, that means:
A: The object is moving backward
B: The object is not moving
C: The object is moving forward
Answer:
C. the object is moving forward
Explanation:
A positive slope means position is increasing when time is increasing. Generally, increasing position is "moving forward."
Answer:
C. The object is moving forward
the amount of current in an incandescent bulb rated 75w 120v is about
The current in the incandescent bulb is approximately 0.625 Amperes (A).
An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb with a vacuum or inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation.
The amount of current in an incandescent bulb rated at 75W and 120V can be calculated using Ohm's Law, which states that current (I) is equal to power (P) divided by voltage (V).
Using this formula, the current can be calculated as:
I = P / V
I = 75W / 120V
Know more about incandescent bulb here:
https://brainly.com/question/230401
#SPJ11
affect the amount and rate the alcohol reaches the
bloodstream.
Answer:
Answer to the following question is as follows;
Explanation:
The amount of alcohol consumption can be influenced by a variety of things, including food.
The proportion and pace at which alcohol reaches the circulation is affected by drinking rate, body mass, and the size of the beverage. Alcohol enters your system as soon as it reaches that first sip, as per the National Institute on Drug Abuse and Alcoholism. After 10 minutes, the results are noticeable.
Explain briefly about Data Fragmentation in DoD Model.
Data fragmentation in DoD model refers to the process where large data files are broken down into smaller pieces or fragments to enable transmission and efficient storage. The US Department of Defense (DoD) Model is an approach that explains the process of communication between two different systems or computers in a network.
The model comprises seven layers, with each layer defining a specific function and interface for the end systems to interact. The layers are Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical.The fragmentation of data files is typically done in the Transport layer, which is the fourth layer of the DoD model.
The process is essential since data transmission occurs in packets that are of specific sizes. The maximum size of a packet that can be transmitted over the internet is typically determined by the network.
The fragmentation process ensures that large data files are transmitted across the network without any issues. The process involves breaking down the data into smaller units that can be transmitted individually and later reassembled at the destination node.The data fragmentation process plays a significant role in enhancing the efficiency of data transmission across the network.
It enables large files to be transmitted quickly and efficiently without overloading the network. However, it is essential to note that data fragmentation can result in some data loss or corruption if the reassembly process is not done correctly. Therefore, it is essential to have a reliable reassembly process to ensure that the data is transmitted without any issues.
To know more about fragmentation visit :
https://brainly.com/question/10596402
#SPJ11
The home inspector should measure the _____ depth of insulation observed at the unfinished attic floor.
The home inspector should measure the approximate average depth of insulation observed at the unfinished attic floor.
What is insulation?This is known to be a kind of material that is often used to bring to a stop the flow or linking of electricity, heat, or sound from a given conductor to another.
Note that the home inspector should measure the approximate average depth of insulation observed at the unfinished attic floor as that is the bet thing to do.
See options below
exact
approximate average
measured exact
approximate weighted
measured average
Learn more about insulation from
https://brainly.com/question/18598066
#SPJ1
Calculate the compression resistance of a compound column consisting of UC-305x305x198 with one cover plate
of 350mm x 20mm on each flange and having a length of 5m. assume that bottom of column is fixed and top is
pinned in both x & y axis?
Answer:
350×305π{^ not sure my answer please follow me
Application: Assume a small
spacecraft is in open space.
One panel is a dedicated
radiator (dimensions in
image) and is painted with
S13 GLO white paint
(emissivity = .89). If the
radiator is at 30C and has a
full view factor to space, how
much heat can it reject from
the system? (How much is
this radiator radiating to
space?). Use 3K for space
temperature. Round answer
up to one decimal place. No
need to include units.
*.../2
1 m
Radiator
.3 m
The amount of radiation that the system is radiating into space is 1.164 x 10¹⁷. See the explanation below.
What is radiation?Rockets or space crafts emit heat as they navigate into space. This heat or emissions is what is referred to as radiation.
What is the calculation supporting the answer above?Recall that we are given the following:
Thus,
Converting the temperature of the Radiator, we have:
30°C = 273 + 30
= 303K
Area of the Panel of the radiator = 0.3 x 0.1
= 0.03
The formula for the heat emitted by the system is given as:
Q = ∈δA (T₁⁴ - T₁⁴)
Where:
δ = Stefan - Bolta Mann constant
→ δ = 5.67 X 10⁻ⁿ
→ The amount of heat is thus given as:
Q = 0.89 x 5.17 x 10⁸ [ (303)⁴ - (3)⁴] x 0.03
Therefore,
Q = 1.1635158780036 × 10¹⁷
Q ≈ 1.164 x 10¹⁷
Learn more about space radiation at;
https://brainly.com/question/12641556
#SPJ1
On a typical 120 volt circuit in your home, you may have a 15 ampere fuse or circuit breaker. What is the maximum power (watts) that this circuit can handle? How many 10 Watt light bulbs could you turn on without blowing the fuse?
Answer:
Maximum power is
P = V × I
P = 120 × 15
P = 1800 watt
Hey guys can anyone list chemical engineering advancement that has been discovered within the past 20 years
deep invasion lead to???
Answer:
2
Explanation:
usjshshshjeoeieieiiekeiekeiekekekekekkske
Answer:
2
Explanation:
High separation between deep...........
A rectangular brick-lined channel (n = 0.016) of 4.0-m width is laid on a bottom slope of 0.0009. It carries a discharge of 15 m3 /s and the fl ow is non-uniform. If the depth at a Section A is 2.6 m, calculate the depth at section B, 500 m downstream of A, by using (a) only one step, and (b) two steps.
Answer:
To calculate the depth at section B, 500 m downstream of section A, we can use the Chezy formula:
V = C*R^(1/2)
Where V is the velocity, C is the Chezy coefficient, and R is the hydraulic radius.
a) Using only one step:
Since the flow is non-uniform, the velocity at section B can be assumed to be the same as at section A. Therefore, the depth at section B can be calculated using the same Chezy coefficient and hydraulic radius as at section A.
Hydraulic Radius (R) = A/P = (width * depth) / 2
R_A = (4 * 2.6) / 2 = 5.2 m
R_B = R_A = 5.2 m
Chezy coefficient (C) = (V^2 * n) / (2 * g * R^(1/2))
C = (15^2 * 0.016) / (2 * 9.81 * 5.2^(1/2)) = 1.94
Now we can use the Chezy formula to calculate the depth at section B
V = C*R^(1/2)
V = 1.94 * 5.2^(1/2) = 3.23 m/s
b) Using two steps:
First, we can calculate the velocity at section B using the continuity equation:
Q = A1 * V1 = A2 * V2
15 = (4 * 2.6 * 3.23) = (4 * y * V2)
V2 = (15 / 4) / y = 3.75/y m/s
Next, we can use the Chezy formula and the velocity at section B to calculate the depth at section B:
V = C*R^(1/2)
y = V^2 * n / (C^2 * g)
y = (3.75/y)^2 * 0.016 / (1.94^2 * 9.81)
y = 2.34 m
So, the depth at section B is 2.34 m by using two steps.
Note: The above calculations are based on the assumption that the slope is uniform along the channel and the flow is steady. In practice, other factors such as channel roughness and boundary conditions may also have an impact on the depth of flow.
What is the difference between din valves and yoke valves is that ?
Answer:
The yoke is a clamp-type mounting, which is placed over the tank valve and then tightened into place. The DIN is a threaded valve, wherein you screw the regulator into the tank valve
met laboratories and qai laboratories are examples of
Met Laboratories and QAI Laboratories are examples of testing and certification organizations.
What is the rationale for the above response?Both Met Laboratories and QAI Laboratories are independent organizations that provide testing, inspection, and certification services to various industries, including electronics, appliances, and consumer goods.
These organizations test products to ensure that they meet industry and regulatory standards for safety, performance, and quality. Once products have been tested and certified by these organizations, they can be marked with a label or certification mark indicating that they have met the applicable standards.
Therefore, Met Laboratories and QAI Laboratories are examples of testing and certification organizations.
Learn more about laboratories:
https://brainly.com/question/14428286
#SPJ1
YALL BETTER NOT SPAM ME I WILL CALL THE COMPANY ON YALL
Answer:
I looked at the comments said oh h e double hockey sticks no
Explanation:
Implement the following Matlab code:
x=zeros(10,128);
t1=[0:1/128:1-1/128];
z=cos(2*pi*2*t1);
x(1,:)=z;
x=reshape(x,1,1280);
figure(1);
plot(x)
Examine Figure 1 – what does it “look like”? Zoom in. Take the FFT of x and explain what you see.
Manipulate the FFT and perform the IFFT to create a signal which is a continuous (i.e. no interpolating zeroes) sinusoid in the “time” domain. Explain the amplitude of the sinusoid.
The amplitude of the sinusoid is 28384 *x soít cos.
What is amplitude?Amplitude is defined as the greatest deviation from equilibrium of a point on a vibrating body or wave in terms of displacement or distance traveled. In most cases, amplitude is calculated by looking at a wave graph and determining the height of the wave from rest. The strength or intensity of the wave is gauged by its amplitude.
Sinusoid is defined as a signal with sine wave characteristics. In the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, sinusoids and irregular tubules transport blood in place of venules and capillaries. The sine or cosine functions from trigonometry form the foundation of sinusoidal signals, which are periodic functions.
Thus the amplitude of the sinusoid is 28384 *x soít cos.
To learn more about amplitude, refer to the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/8662436
#SPJ2
If there are 16 signal combinations (states) and a baud rate (number of signals/second) of 8000/second, how many bps could I send
Answer:
32000 bits/seconds
Explanation:
Given that :
there are 16 signal combinations (states) = 2⁴
bits n = 4
and a baud rate (number of signals/second) = 8000/second
Therefore; the number of bits per seconds can be calculated as follows:
Number of bits per seconds = bits n × number of signal per seconds
Number of bits per seconds = 4 × 8000/second
Number of bits per seconds = 32000 bits/seconds
a column whose value uniquely identifies a given row in the table is the secondary key. true or false?
The statement of a column whose value uniquely identifies a given row in the table is the primary key, not the secondary key is false.
A column whose value uniquely identifies a given row in the table is known as the primary key, not the secondary key. The primary key is used to ensure the uniqueness of each row in a table, while a secondary key is an additional column or set of columns that are used for indexing and searching data in a table. Secondary keys are not necessarily unique, but they can be used to speed up queries and improve database performance.
In summary, Understanding the difference between primary and secondary keys is important for designing efficient and effective database systems.
To know more about database visit:
brainly.com/question/30163202
#SPJ11
in the case of (figure 2), determine the moment of the force about point o . express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. enter positive value if the moment is counterclockwise and negative value if the moment is clockwise. suppose that Fi = 160 and 2-750 Figure 7 of 9> 5 2 m
The moment of the force about point O is -994 Nm.
How to find the moment of the force about point O?
In the case of figure 2, the moment of the force about point O is 994 Nm. The appropriate units for the moment of force are Newton meters (Nm). Since the moment of force in the figure is clockwise, the value is negative. Therefore, the moment of the force about point O can be expressed as -994 To determine the moment of force about point O,
we use the formula,τ = F x r x
Sinθwhereτ is the moment of the force F is the force applied to the object r is the distance from point O to the line of action of forceθ is the angle between r and F.
In the given figure, the distance between the line of action of the forces and point O is 2.75 m, and the angle between the forces and line of action is 37°.Therefore, the magnitude of the force acting on point O is F = 160 + 750 = 910 N. Now, substituting the given values in the formula,τ = F x r x sinθ
= 910 N x 2.75 m x sin 37°=
994 Nm (to three significant figures)
Therefore, the moment of the force about point O is -994 Nm.
Learn more about: moment force
brainly.com/question/28977824
#SPJ11
(1) Complete E/R diagram from Phase 1 (25 points) On you E/R diagram, clearly describe each entity (including, list of entity attributes, and the primary key), and each relationship with its multiplicities. (2) Relational Model (25 points) Using the method for translating an E/R diagram to relations, produce a set of tables for your database design For each table, specify the attributes, their domains, required data constraints, default values, primary key, candidate keys, foreign keys and the tables which the foreign keys are referencing (everything you need for a CREATE TABLE statement) (3) Complete Database Functionalities and User Interface (40 points) (a) List all actors (i.e. users) of your database (b) For each actor, list all use-cases including all the steps. For each entity, you must have use cases that perform at least one aggregate query, one insert operation, one delete operation, and one update operation; For each relationship, you must have use cases that perform at least one joint query. (Number your use cases. That's a minimum of 34 use cases for 7 entities, and 44 use cases for 9 entities) (c) Use Case Realization: Explain how the relations and relationships are used in EACH of the use cases. Provide the complete relational algebra or SQL statements for every use case. (4) Project Time Table (10 points) (a) List major tasks to a be completed (b) For each task, indicate team member responsible for competing task, and planned completion dates.
Entities, attributes, and relationships are the three main building blocks of E/R diagrams or ERDs. Entities are usually represented by a rectangle and can be objects, people, concepts, or events that contain data.
For more than 35 years, there has been an entity relationship (ER) data model. Because it is rather abstract and simple to describe and explain, it is a good fit for data modelling for usage with databases. Relationship models may be easily converted to relations. ER diagrams serve as a visual representation of ER models, also known as ER schemas. The foundation of the database is comprised on autonomous objects, often known as kernels. They serve as the foundation for additional tables. The meaning of dependent entities, also known as derived entities, is derived from other tables. Additional details about one table are provided by characteristic entities. Each attribute has a name, a domain of allowed values, and an association with an entity. The ERD does not, however, display the attribute domain information.
Learn more about ER diagrams here:
https://brainly.com/question/14419260
#SPJ4
Which of the following refers to the process in which engineers complete and repeat a sequence of steps to come closer to the project goal?
The process in question is referred to as the iterative design process. Engineers utilize this method by completing and repeating a sequence of steps in order to continually improve and refine their designs as they work towards achieving the project goal. This approach allows for flexibility and adaptability in the design process, as engineers can make adjustments and modifications based on feedback and testing, ultimately leading to a more successful outcome.
rank the following gases in order of decreasing rate of effusion. rank from the highest to lowest effusion rate. to rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
It means that the gas with the lowest molecular weight will have the highest effusion rate.
What has the highest rate of effusion?The given gases' effusion rates are listed in order from highest to lowest. The effusion rate of a hydrogen molecule is the highest, whereas that of a hydrocarbon is the lowest.
A gas will effuse faster when it is lighter and more slowly when it is heavier. Helium (He) will have the highest rate of effusion since it has the lowest molecular weight (atomic weight, in this example).
The following equation can be used to compare the rate of effusion for two gases: The effusion rates in this case are inversely related to the square root of the gas molecules' masses. A container contains an amalgam of neon and argon gas.
To learn more about rate of effusion is refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/28747259
#SPJ4