QUESTION 50 Messick argues that the traditional conception of validity is fragmented and incomplete. He approach views validity as a unified concept with six aspects. What A. Consequential validity OB. Construct validity OC. Content validity O D. Criterion validity the central concept in his framework?
Answers
Messick views validity as a unified concept with six aspects. The central concept in his framework is construct validity. The correct option is B.
Validity is a critical concept in the field of assessment. The concept of validity relates to whether a test, instrument, or procedure measures what it is intended to measure. Messick argues that the conventional view of validity is fragmented and incomplete. He proposes a unified view of validity with six components that interact and complement one another, rather than existing in isolation. These six components are content, substantive, structural, generalizability, external, and consequential validity.
Construct validity, which refers to the extent to which a test measures an underlying theoretical concept or construct, is at the heart of Messick's framework. Therefore, the central concept in his framework is construct validity, which is the degree to which the measurements of a test are consistent with the theoretical expectations of the construct that it claims to be measuring.
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Related Questions
Which idea was the pentition of right most directly responsible for
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the Petition of Right was primarily responsible for promoting and safeguarding individual rights, including the principle of habeas corpus, the requirement of parliamentary consent for taxation, and the protection against the abuse of martial law and quartering of soldiers. It was a pivotal document that laid the foundation for constitutionalism, limited government, and the protection of fundamental rights in England.
The Petition of Right, enacted in 1628 in England, was a document that sought to limit the power of the monarchy and protect the rights and liberties of the people. It was a response to the oppressive rule of King Charles I and his disregard for the rights of the subjects. The Petition of Right had significant implications and was directly responsible for the protection of several fundamental rights.
One of the key ideas addressed in the Petition of Right was the principle of habeas corpus. This principle ensures that individuals cannot be unlawfully detained or imprisoned without sufficient legal justification. The petition demanded that no free man should be imprisoned without due process of law, emphasizing the importance of individual rights and the rule of law. The inclusion of habeas corpus in the Petition of Right played a crucial role in safeguarding personal liberties and preventing arbitrary imprisonment.
Additionally, the Petition of Right sought to address the issue of taxation without consent. It stated that the king could not impose or collect taxes without the approval of Parliament. This principle of parliamentary consent for taxation became a cornerstone of representative government and the limitation of royal authority. It established the idea that the power to tax rests with the representatives of the people, ensuring that the monarch could not impose excessive financial burdens on the subjects without their consent.
Furthermore, the Petition of Right aimed to curb the abuse of martial law and the quartering of soldiers in private homes. It asserted that martial law should not be declared in peacetime and that soldiers should not be billeted in private residences without the consent of the owner. These provisions protected individuals from arbitrary military actions and invasions of privacy, emphasizing the importance of civil liberties and the limitation of military power.
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English words like 'industrialist', 'factory', 'middle-class' and 'capitalism' owe their origin to which of the following periods of world history?
1650-1725
1790-1850
1875-1925
1930-1980
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Answer:
The owe their origin to the period 1790-1850
Explanation:
hope this helps out!
hey who was Babur ?
Answers
Answer:
He was the founder of the Mughal Empire and first Emperor of the Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent.
looking back in history, the oldest justification for punishing an offender is ________
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Looking back in time, retribution is the oldest justification for punishing an offender.
The first reason for punishment, retribution, can be found in the arguments put out by Kant and Hegel (Brooks, 2001). The fact that the person did something wrong deserves punishment, and the severity of the punishment should correspond to the wrong that was done.
Five factors were identified by a Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) study as having an impact on healthcare costs: a growing population, aging elders, disease prevalence or incidence, medical service usage, service pricing and intensity, and disease prevalence or incidence.
Despite the fact that this population can be categorized in a variety of ways, some research have labeled elderly persons between the ages of 65 and 74 as youngest-old, or those between ages.
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What is a social construct that can be distinguished on the basis of language; forms of family structures and roles of family members; religious beliefs and practices; dietary customs, forms of artistic expression, such as music and dance; and national origin or origin of one's parents
Answers
Answer:
not valid
Explanation:
Which of the following is true about the Battle of Antietam?
A. All of the answers are correct.
B. In this battle, General George McClellan defeated General Robert E. Lee
C. There were more killed and wounded than in any previous battle in American history
D. It was the first Civil War battle to take place on Northern soil.
Answers
There were more killed and wounded than in any previous battle in American history. The Battle of Antietam, which took place on September 17, 1862, during the American Civil War, holds the distinction of having the highest number of casualties of any single day in American military history. More specifically, it had more killed and wounded soldiers than any previous battle in American history up to that point.
Option A, "All of the answers are correct," is not accurate. Option B, "In this battle, General George McClellan defeated General Robert E. Lee," is incorrect. The Battle of Antietam is considered a tactical draw, with neither side achieving a clear victory. However, it was a strategic opportunity for General McClellan's Union forces to halt the Confederate advance into Maryland and repel General Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.
Option D, "It was the first Civil War battle to take place on Northern soil," is also incorrect. While the Battle of Antietam was significant for taking place on Union territory, it was not the first battle to do so. Previous engagements, such as the Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) in 1861 and the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, also took place on Northern soil.
Therefore, the correct statement about the Battle of Antietam is that there were more killed and wounded than in any previous battle in American history. The battle had a profound impact on the Civil War and played a crucial role in shaping the course of the conflict.
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Examples of innovation,creativity and entrepreneurship
Answers
Answer:
Innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship is the process involve the ability to turn ideas into action.
Explanation:
That process contribute to the complex economic and social environment problems thinking, can leadership, initiative ,creativity in a range of process motivate ethical spirit.
Innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship is performed that :- self learning, communication, citizenship and collaboration.
Innovation :- is that process to a new turning concept in success or use in the organization.
Creativity :- is the process act imagination into concrete, and design an a plan be developed, creativity is the making jobs to any accessible individual.
Entrepreneurship is the physical creation of concept or idea,designs models prototypes, the ideas formed in the creation stage.
Innovation and creativity or entrepreneurship is a range of creative process and motivate others, community number of ways concepts ideas or product thinking and creating,express opinions to generate idea.
Continued physiological arousal will, up to a _________, lead to positive effects on performance. However, continued increases in physiological arousal could result in a ___________.
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Continued physiological arousal will, up to a threshold, lead to positive effects on performance. However, continued increases in physiological arousal could result in a catastrophe.
Up to a threshold, sustained physiological arousal will have beneficial impacts on performance. The optimal amount of arousal is what we refer to as this, and it varies based on the person, the task, and the surroundings.
However, a disaster could happen if physiological arousal keeps rising. Increased arousal can lead to excessive tension, which can impair performance and cause attention to become either too narrow or too broad, impacting muscle tension and coordination.
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At about what age would you expect an average american boy to experience the changes that herald puberty?
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9 to 10 age is the age when an average american boy experience the changes that herald puberty.
What is puberty?When a boy or girl reaches puberty, they reach sexual maturity. It's a procedure that typically takes place between the ages of 12 and 16 for boys and between 10 and 14 for girls. It results in bodily changes and has varied effects on boys and girls.
In girls:
Breast development is typically the earliest indication of puberty.The pubic region and armpits thereafter experience hair growth.Periods or menstruation typically come last.In boys:
The growth of the penⅰses and testicles typically signals the start of puberty.The pubic region and armpits thereafter experience hair growth.As puberty progresses, muscles expand, the voice gets deeper, and facial hair grows.Learn more about Puberty
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The gravitational force between two objects will be greatest in which of the following situations?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
wait what are he situations?
“[This] book acknowledges that cultural traditions spread over long distances even in ancient times, but it also recognizes that expansive traditions often faced fierce opposition, and it holds further that cross-cultural conversion is a deeply problematical concept. Indeed, [this] book argues that religious and cultural traditions rarely won foreign converts except when favored by a powerful set of political, social or economic incentives. Sometimes the prospect of trade or political alliance drew a people’s attention to a foreign cultural tradition. Other times state sponsorship made political and military support available to an expanding cultural tradition. Yet even under the best of circumstances... expansive cultural traditions rarely attracted large numbers of foreign adherents without the aid of a syncretic process.”
Jerry H. Bentley, historian, Old World Encounters, 1993
- Identify and explain TWO examples in the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. that support the author’s argument concerning the role of political, social, or economic incentives in the spread of religious or cultural traditions.(?)
- Identify and explain ONE example after 1450 C.E. in which syncretism played an important role in the spread of religious or cultural traditions.(?)
Answers
Answer:
Two examples in the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. that support the author's argument concerning the role of political, social, or economic incentives in the spread of religious or cultural traditions:
1. The spread of Islam through the Arab Empire during the 7th and 8th centuries. Conquered peoples were offered incentives such as religious tolerance and tax benefits to convert to Islam, and many did so for practical reasons.
2. The spread of Christianity in Europe during the Middle Ages, in which the political and economic support of monarchs and the Catholic Church helped the religion gain converts.
One example after 1450 C.E. in which syncretism played an important role in the spread of religious or cultural traditions:
1. The spread of Christianity in the Americas through the syncretic blending of indigenous beliefs with Christian doctrine, resulting in the creation of unique religious traditions like Vodou in Haiti and Santeria in Cuba.
In a minimum of 1-2 pages, summarize and describe in your own words the four key elements of Hirschi’s control theory. Do you believe this theory to be true? Why or why not?
Answers
Hirschi’s social control theory is a criminological theory that asserts that individuals commit offenses when their social bonds are weakened or broken.
The three key elements of Hirschi’s control theory are explained below:
Attachment: Attachment is an individual’s emotional bond with other people or institutions. When a person has a strong attachment to others, they are less likely to engage in delinquent or criminal acts. As a result, Hirschi believed that individuals with strong family ties, involvement in schools, and religious affiliations are less likely to engage in criminal behavior.
Commitment: Commitment is a person's investment in conventional norms and values. According to Hirschi, individuals who have a strong commitment to society's norms and values are less likely to engage in deviant behavior. People with a good educational background or those with well-paying jobs, for example, have invested a lot of time and resources in their success and are unlikely to jeopardize it by engaging in criminal behavior.
Involvement: Involvement refers to the extent to which an individual is involved in the conventional activities of society, such as school or work. Hirschi thought that those who are more involved in conventional activities are less likely to engage in deviant behavior because they have less leisure time to devote to criminal behavior.
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The Bill of Rights limits government power by:
A. making sure that all citizens can agree on laws that affect their
lives.
B. stopping the government from taking freedoms away from
citizens.
C. allowing citizens to remove leaders from office at any time.
O D. giving each branch of government some power over the others.
SUBMIT
Answers
Answer:
B the bill of rights protects our natural rights
Answer:
B
Explanation:
I did the test
Some genetic activation occurs later in development and life as a result of biological and psychological factors because _____ is/are amenable to change by epigenetic factors.
Answers
Because human's genes are amenable to change by epigenetic factors, its activation could manifest later in development as a result of biological and psychological factors
What are epigenetic factors?
Epigenetics relates to phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.
Some factors that affects epigenetic includes obesity, physical activity, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption etc
In conclusion, since human's genes are amenable to change by epigenetic factors, its activation could manifest later in development as a result of biological and psychological factors.
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Suppose the government increases the amount of money it spends. This is an example of which of these?.
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Suppose the government increases the amount of money it spends. This is an example of C) using monetary policy to stimulate the economy.
What is the name for a rise in government spending?
In contrast to contractionary fiscal policy, which entails either an increase in government expenditure or a decrease in taxation, expansionary fiscal policy involves both. Governments can utilize expansionary fiscal policy to boost the economy while it is in a slump.
The local economy receives a financial boost when the government boosts its spending. Price increases and inflation result from this.
Fiscal policies are about taxes, therefore they are about government incomes, whereas monetary policies are about how the government spends money.
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What are the duties of citizens according to the present constitution? Mention in point.
Answers
Answer:
1. Obeying the law
2. Paying taxes
3. Serving on a jury when summoned
4. Registering with the selective service
who did the most to promote the cause of independence; George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, or Thomas Paine?
Answers
Answer:
Thomas paine
Explanation:
Thomas Paine because Thomas Paine published an influential pamphlet, Common Sense, which called for complete independence
the english bill of rights effectively ended the threat of
Answers
Answer: absolutism
Explanation:
Which of the following best describes the system of slavery in the first few decades of the American colonies?
A.Indentured servants became enslaved after four to seven years.
B.Africans could not work as indentured servants; they were only enslaved.
C.Enslaved people were enslaved for life, but their children were born free.
D.Both Africans and whites worked as indentured servants, not as slaves.
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3. How did the Bessemer process change the steel industry and Carnegie's business
for the better?
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the middle east has many problems, choose one country and give one problem that the country has.
Answers
Answer:
Iraq
Explanation:
Iraq has an issue with corruption. Iraq has dealt with political instability ever since Saddam was taken from power. Isis and other terrorist groups have filled in the power vacuum
Muscle fatigue is a complete psychological in ability to contract however fatigue does not Normally set in during general exercise. In this case your muscles are often tired from the exercise. What do you think could be some of the causes of this general tiredness?
Answers
Jim, Tanya, and Peter are all farmers. Below is their supply schedule for avocados. Note that avocado trees need extensive watering.
a) If Peter was willing to produce 5 tons of avocados at $0.50 per avocado, ceteris paribus, what economic principle would be violated?
b) What would happen to the supply of avocados if the cost of water went up where Jim, Tanya, and Peter live? Explain.
c) Make a table of the supply schedule for the whole market of avocados, based on these three farmers.
d) Draw the supply curve for avocados for this market and label it S1.
e) On your graph from part (d), illustrate the effect of the increased cost of water on the supply of avocados. Label the new curve S2.
f) Assuming the market situation from part (b), and that suppliers will not charge more than $3, would the quantity supplied of avocados be more or less than 31 tons of avocados? Explain.
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If Peter was willing to produce 5 tons of avocados at $0.50 per avocado, ceteris paribus, the economic principle Peter would be violating is the principle of Optimal Production Rule.
Recall that price is best fixed at the point where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. It is assumed that being rational, that point is already set at $1/Avocado.
What would happen to the supply of avocados if the cost of water went up where Jim, Tanya, and Peter live?If the cost of water went up where Jim, Tanya and Peter live, that means the total cost will go up. This will affect the rate of production negatively (in the short run). When cost of production goes up, supply goes down.
What is a supply schedule?A table that lists the quantity delivered at each price is called a supply schedule.
A graph that displays the amount delivered at each price is called a supply curve.
Because it is a graphical depiction of the supply schedule, the supply curve is occasionally referred to as a supply schedule.
The supply schedule for the entire market is attached accordingly.
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Discuss the idea with a trusted adult. Write down some thoughts or details about the idea from your discussion. Use complete sentences.
its about Providing free transportation to all retired senior citizens
jeje pls help meh :))
Answers
Answer:
I did this same thing so here is mine. Also, make sure you change it a little. :)
1. Prohibiting littering and dumping of waste in public space.
2. This would make a good law because it would save animals, water, and food by making sure that none of the waste goes in is water which would hurt our animals and our food.
3. In my discussion, i learned that this law could benefit our country. The main reason why is because more of are animals would be alive because they would not have eaten the waste that is killing many of are animals today. Also, it would help our food and water because if the water is contaminated with the waste and then use the water on our food the food might also be contaminated.
4. The steps that this law would go through is.
1.Introducing a Bill and Referral to a Committee
2.Committee Action
3.Committee Report
4.Floor Debate and Votes
5.Referral to the Other Chamber
6.Conference on a Bill
7.Action by the President
8.Overriding a Veto
9.Overview of the Legislative Process Video
Lawmaking is different from state or federal government because.
The federal government is responsible for some types of laws, such as those pertaining to national defense, currency, interstate commerce, patents, and so forth. State and local governments may not pass these kinds of laws, nor may they pass laws that conflict with federal laws.
The state governments may pass laws that are not explicitly reserved by the federal government. State laws affect the citizens and property in that state only. State laws may not conflict with federal laws.
Hope you get a good grade. Also for the last one, I did get stuck I used brainly sorry, just did not want to take the credit for Loliii hard work.
Explanation:
Maurice stepped out of his house and declared his yard to
be the Maurician Empire
Answers
From 582 to 602, Maurice stepped out of his house and declared his yard to be the Maurician Empire Maurice reigned as Eastern Roman Emperor and the final head of the Justinian dynasty.
Tiberius II picked Maurice, a successful general, to be his successor and son-in-law. Near-constant fighting plagued Maurice's reign. When he was crowned Emperor, he successfully ended the conflict with Sasanian Persia. For the first time in nearly two centuries, the Romans were released from their need to pay the Persians hundreds of pounds of gold each year in exchange for peace as the empire's eastern boundary in the South Caucasus was greatly expanded.
Maurice then waged a protracted war against the Avars in the Balkans, driving them back across the Danube by 599. The first Roman Emperor to conduct campaigns beyond the Danube.
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railroad agent by James steel Smith
what is the theme of this poem plsss help
Answers
Answer:
The theme of this poem is the view through the window of a moving train.
Explanation:
By reading this poem we can see how the speaker is describing the vision he has when observing the outside of the train, through the window, while the train is moving. The speaker demonstrates how he can visualize the smoke of the train, along with the whole landscape outside the vehicle, such as the mountains, the plains, the mixture of colors that the scene presents and the movement.
The view from a speeding train windshield is the subject of this poem.
We could see how the narrator describes the view he sees while viewing the outside of the railway through the windows as the train is going by reading this poetry.
The speaker displays how he can picture the train's smoke, as well as the entire scenery outside the vehicle, including the hills, plains, the scene's color palette, and movement.
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The US Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson
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In Plessy v. Ferguson case, the Supreme Court denied that segregated railroad cars for Black people were necessarily inferior. The Supreme court called the logic in Plessy’s argument a fallacy.
What was the famous Plessy v. Ferguson case?A Louisiana law "providing for separate railway cars for the White and Colored Races" that was enacted in 1890, was at the center of the case that would become Plessy v. Ferguson. These distinct cars, which were to have similar amenities, had to be provided by all passenger railroads, according to the law.
The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson was handed down by the Supreme Court on May 18, 1896. The Court concluded that the 14th Amendment's safeguards only extended to political and civil rights (such as voting and jury duty), not "social rights (sitting in the car of your choice)," while determining that separate-but-equal facilities on intrastate trains were constitutional. The Court rejected the idea that Black people's segregated train cars were inherently inferior in its decision.
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Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
A. Our class is learning, about plant cells and Reza’s class, is learning about animal cells.
B. Our class, is learning about plant cells and Reza’s class, is learning about animal cells.
C. Our class is learning about plant cells and Reza’s class is learning about animal cells.
D. Our class is learning about plant cells, and Reza’s class is learning about animal cells.
Answers
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Stella is typically introverted and shy. However, while watching a rock concert with a huge crowd, she lost her inhibitions and engaged in behaviors she normally would not have under usual circumstances. Stella's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of:
Answers
Stella's unusual behavior can be best understood in terms of the social facilitation theory.
The social facilitation theory proposes that individuals are likely to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when in the presence of others. In Stella's case, the excitement and stimulation of the concert environment, coupled with the presence of a large crowd, likely triggered her arousal and adrenaline, resulting in her engaging in behaviors she normally wouldn't. This is a classic example of social facilitation, where the presence of others leads to a change in behavior.
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Is there difference between history and past civilization
Answers
History is what was recorded of the past, whether it happens to be right or wrong, fair or unfair.