how do immune cells with sensitivity to self-antigens become eliminated?
Answers
Immune cells with sensitivity to self-antigens become eliminated through a process called central tolerance, which occurs primarily in the thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells.
The main purpose of central tolerance is to prevent autoimmunity by removing self-reactive lymphocytes before they can cause harm. In the thymus, T cells undergo positive and negative selection. During positive selection, T cells with functional T-cell receptors (TCRs) that can recognize self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are selected to survive. In negative selection, T cells with high affinity for self-antigens presented by self-MHC molecules are eliminated through apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Similarly, B cells in the bone marrow undergo negative selection to remove those with self-reactive B-cell receptors (BCRs). If a B cell encounters self-antigens and its BCR binds to them with high affinity, it can undergo receptor editing to change its specificity. If editing fails to produce a non-self-reactive BCR, the B cell will be eliminated via apoptosis. In summary, immune cells with sensitivity to self-antigens are eliminated through central tolerance, involving negative selection in the thymus and bone marrow, ensuring that only non-self-reactive cells enter the circulation and participate in immune responses.
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Related Questions
The elements in each column have
A. similar properties.
B. similar masses.
C. similar element names.
D. similar element symbols.
Answers
Answer:
similar properties .
Explanation:
please mark me brainliest
Answer:
A. similar properties.
Explanation:
Groups, or vertical columns, have elements that have the same number of valence electrons, often giving them similar properties.
10. Identify the part of the Brain that is crucial in integrating sensory and visual information
(1 point)
Frontal Lobe
O Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Cerebellum
Pon
Medulla oblongata
Answers
Answer:
Parietal Lobe
Explanation:
Answer:
C) Occipital Lobe
Explanation:
I Asked My Mom's Friend Who's A Teacher
Highly branched processes of a neuron that receive signals and carry them toward the cell body are called?
Answers
The highly branched processes of a neuron that receive signals and carry them toward the cell body are called dendrites.
Dendrites play a critical role in neuronal communication by receiving incoming signals from other neurons or sensory receptors and transmitting them to the cell body. These specialized structures are characterized by their extensive branching and numerous tiny protrusions called dendritic spines, which provide an enormous surface area for receiving synaptic inputs.
The dendritic tree of a neuron allows for the integration of signals from multiple sources. Each dendritic branch can receive inputs from numerous synapses, allowing for the summation of excitatory and inhibitory signals. This process of integration enables the dendrites to modulate and amplify or attenuate incoming signals, depending on the overall input received. The integrated signals are then transmitted as an output signal, in the form of action potentials or electrical impulses, from the dendrites to the cell body, where further processing and transmission occur.
In summary, dendrites are the highly branched processes of a neuron that receive signals and carry them toward the cell body. Through their branching and integration capabilities, dendrites play a crucial role in the reception, processing, and integration of incoming signals, thereby contributing to the overall functioning of the nervous system.
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Can u judge who is the better person out of these 3?..
Mr A - He had friendship with bad politicians, consults astrologers, two wives, chain smoker, drinks eight to 10 times a day..
Mr B - He was kicked out of office twice, sleeps till noon, used opium in college & drinks whiskey every evening..
Mr C - He is a decorated war hero, a vegetarian, doesn't smoke, doesn't drink and never cheated on his wife..
You would say Mr.C
right?
Come here to ans Id-841 823 2122 PASS-ROKY
Answers
Answer:
WHat??????????????????
Answer:
Omo...
Is there a plot twist??? \(OoO )/
Explanation:
______ help blood clot following wounds, so that wounds stop bleeding.
Answers
Applying ice to a wound will constrict the blood vessels, allowing a clot to form more quickly and stop the bleeding. The best way to do this is to wrap ice in a clean, dry cloth and place it on the wound
I think the ice will help the blood clot which will help the wound stop bleeding.
an investigator is faced with clustered and irregularly colored bloodstain patterns at a crime scene that he believes could have originated from an arterial or oral injury. what characteristics of arterial and expirated blood patterns can assist the investigator in differentiating these patterns from other pattern types and each other?
Answers
Arterial and expirated bloodstain patterns have distinct features that can help investigators differentiate them from each other and from other types of patterns. The pattern characteristics, location, and type of injury can assist in determining the origin of the bloodstain pattern.
Arterial and expirated bloodstain patterns can be differentiated from other pattern types and each other based on their unique characteristics.
Arterial bloodstain patterns are typically characterized by spurts or gushes of blood that result from the pumping action of the heart. These patterns are often bright red and have a characteristic spray or splatter pattern with droplets of varying sizes. The directionality of the pattern can be used to determine the position of the victim and the direction of the blood flow. Arterial bloodstain patterns are also likely to be found on vertical surfaces, such as walls or furniture, and are often associated with wounds in the neck, torso, or limbs.
Expirated bloodstain patterns, on the other hand, are produced by blood that is expelled from the mouth or nose as a result of coughing, sneezing, or other respiratory activities. These patterns are typically characterized by smaller droplets that are often mixed with saliva or other respiratory secretions, and can be distributed in a circular or irregular pattern around the source. Expirated bloodstains are often found on horizontal surfaces, such as floors or bedding, and are commonly associated with injuries to the head or face.
Overall, the investigator can use the pattern characteristics, such as the directionality, size, and distribution of the bloodstains, as well as the location and type of injury, to differentiate arterial and expirated bloodstain patterns from other types of patterns and each other.
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Why can light microscopes produce images in their natural color, while scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes only produce grayscale images?
Answers
Answer:
there's no color info recored
Explanation:
Answer:
The reason is pretty basic: color is a property of light (i.e., photons), and since electron microscopes use an electron beam to image a specimen, there's no color information recorded.
Explanation:
Where is white rhinos habitat?.
Answers
Answer:
white rhinos live in the savannas of Kenya, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, though the vast majority are found in South Africa.
Explanation:
fatty acid oxidation produces ____. a. ketones b. pyruvate c. acetyl coa d. lactate e. fructose
Answers
Fatty acid oxidation produces acetyl CoA. The correct answer is option C.
During the process of fatty acid oxidation, long-chain fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA molecules through a series of enzymatic reactions. Acetyl CoA is a crucial molecule in cellular metabolism and serves as a substrate for the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle), where it enters the cycle to generate energy through the production of ATP. Acetyl CoA can also be used for the synthesis of ketone bodies in certain conditions, such as during prolonged fasting or in individuals following a low-carbohydrate diet. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
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Which of these variables might affect the amount of solar
energy reaching a particular place on Earth's surface?
A. latitude
B. tilt of Earth's axis
C. time of day
D. weather conditions, such as cloud cover
Answers
Answer:
B. tilt of Earth's axis.
Explanation:
Solar radiation, or insolation, is the “fuel” of all solar energy systems. The performance of solar photovoltaic systems which generate electricity and solar thermal systems which produce hot water all depend on the availability and intensity of solar radiation.
Which of the following is a direct product of photosynthesis
Sugar
sunlight
water
Answers
A direct product of photosynthesis is sugar. Therefore, option A is correct.
What is photosynthesis ?The process by which green plants and certain other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy is known as photosynthesis. Light energy is captured and used by green plants during photosynthesis to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
Photosynthesis is the primary source of food on the planet. It gives off oxygen, which is necessary for life to survive. There will be no oxygen on Earth if photosynthesis does not occur. Herbivores, carnivores, predators, parasites, decomposers, and all life forms benefit from the chemical energy stored in plants.
On a daily basis, humans rely on photosynthesis to produce food as well as energy to produce heat, light, and electricity. Furthermore, autotrophs are producers in almost all food chains.
Thus, option A is correct.
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How much urine is produced by the kidneys each day?.
Answers
Answer:
Every day, your kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to remove wastes and balance fluids. This process produces about 1 to 2 quarts of urine per day.
Fill the crossword in plssss
Answers
Answer:
Here are the answer:
Explanation:
1.Carbon dioxide
2.Glucose
3.Chlorophyll
4.oxygen
5.Photosynthesis
6.sunlight
does heat radiate from the ground into the lower atmosphere
Answers
what is the missing word
cells ________ during development to perform different functions
Answers
Answer:
Differentiate
Explanation:
Answer:
differentiate or specialise
the horizontal transfer process known as transduction
a. involvs a virus
b. requires a call to be "competent"
c. requires a pilus
Answers
The horizontal transfer process known as transduction involvs a virus, requires a call to be "competent", requires a pilus.
Process DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus through a process called transduction. It also describes the method by which a viral vector is used to transfer foreign DNA into a different cell. Unlike to conjugation, which involves physical contact between the cells giving and receiving DNA, transduction is DNAase resistant (transformation is susceptible to DNAase). Molecular biologists frequently utilize transduction to successfully transfer an alien gene into the DNA of a host cell.DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus through a process called transduction. It also describes the method by which a viral vector is used to transfer foreign DNA into a different cell.For more information on transduction kindly visit to
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The simulation shows a game of tug-of-war. Place a blue team and a red team with same-sized people on each side of the rope. What can you say about the sizes of the left and right arrows?
Answers
The sizes of the left and right arrows should be the same.
In the game of tug-of-war, the sizes of the left and right arrows represent the relative strengths of the blue team and the red team. If the blue team is stronger and pulling harder, the size of the left arrow would be larger than the size of the right arrow.
Conversely, if the red team is stronger, the size of the right arrow would be larger than the size of the left arrow. The sizes of the arrows indicate the force exerted by each team and provide a visual representation of the balance of power in the game.
In tug-of-war, the objective is for one team to overpower the other and pull the rope towards their side. The larger the arrow representing a team's strength, the greater their force and ability to move the rope in their direction.
The size of the arrows serves as a visual cue for spectators to understand which team has the advantage at any given moment. It helps to create a sense of competition and excitement as the teams struggle to gain control of the rope.
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Felix has been taking Thorazine, a conventional antipsychotic drug, as a treatment for his paranoid schizophrenia. He began taking the drug last week and has begun demonstrating involuntary shaking, restlessness, discomfort in the limbs, muscle rigidity, and involuntary movements of his face. Felix has developed symptoms of _____, a side effect of the drug.
Answers
Farmers have developed a progressively better process in which seeds from the healthiest and most productive plants are saved for planting the next year. what is this process called?
threshing
hybrid selection
phenotypic selection
viability
Answers
Farmers develop plant seeds with a process that is selecting the healthiest and most productive seeds stored for planting the following year. This process is called hybrid selection.
What are plant seeds?Plant Seeds are Plants or parts thereof that are used to reproduce and/or reproduce Plants. Hybrid Selection is the product of a cross between two genetically different rice parents. If the parents are selected correctly, the resulting hybrid will have higher vigor and yield than the two parents.
So that when the seeds are planted next year, they will produce good-quality plants. Hybrid planting can increase production without increasing the dosage of fertilizers and other inputs, but the yield will be even higher if fertilization is increased.
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when both the sternocleidomastoid muscles contract, which way does the head turn?
Answers
The answer to the given question is as follows: When both the sternocleidomastoid muscles contract, the head turns towards the opposite side.
The answer to the given question is as follows: When both the sternocleidomastoid muscles contract, the head turns towards the opposite side. These muscles are the pair of large muscles that run from the back of the ears to the clavicle (collarbone) and sternum (breastbone). They act as flexors of the neck and help with the rotation of the head. When the sternocleidomastoid muscles contract together, they can cause the head to flex forward or bow down, depending on the degree of contraction. In addition to rotation and flexion, the sternocleidomastoid muscles are also involved in side bending of the neck. The muscles are innervated by the accessory nerve and are essential for maintaining good posture. Dysfunction of the sternocleidomastoid muscles can lead to a variety of problems, including headaches, neck pain, and restricted range of motion in the neck. Hence, the contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscles plays an important role in controlling the movement of the head and neck.
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Plssss answer
Point C
Point B
Point d
Point a
Answers
Answer: I Would say Point B
Explanation: I think im smart
The process in which an organism exchanges gases with its environment is known as
O respiration
O precipitation
O transpiration
O evaporation
Answers
Answer: the answer is respiration
2. Cell membranes are fragile and can easily be damaged by various substances.
HYPOTHESIS: When testing the effect of different alcohols on the cell membrane of red beet cells, the
damage to the membrane can be measured by the amount of red dye released into the solution.
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
What is the dependent variable
Answers
Dependent: The amount of red dye released into the solution
In the given case, the dependent variable is the discard of red color and independent variable is alcohol.
What is variable?A variable in research is a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that researchers are attempting to quantify in any way.
The best way to get the difference between a dependent as well as an independent variable is to consider the words that tell individuals about the variable in question.
The independent along with dependent variables are the two major variables in an experiment.
In a scientific experiment, an independent variable is the variable that is either changed or controlled in order to test the effects on the dependent variable.
In a scientific experiment, the dependent variable is the variable that is being tested along with measurement.
In the given scenario, the variable alcohol is the one that can result in red color of the solution.
Thus, it can be concluded that here the independent variable is alcohol and dependent one is red color of the solution.
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Which organism is a producer?
Oak tree
Mushroom
Mountain lion
Butterfly
Answers
Answer:
Oak trees is correct!
What is a quaternary consumer.
Answers
The quaternary consumer is an animal that comes at the top of the food chain after the primary consumer.
These animals eat those animals which are at lower levels in the food chain such as secondary and tertiary consumers.
A few examples of quaternary consumers are hawks, white sharks, lions, etc.
In a food chain, a lion as a quaternary consumer starts with a mouse that consumes grass. Afterward, the mouse is consumed by a rabbit, becoming the rabbit’s secondary consumer. Afterward, the rabbit is consumed by a jackal, becoming the tertiary consumer, and lastly, the lion then consumes the jackal, thereby taking him to the position of the quaternary consumer.
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The quaternary consumer is then defined as the one who feeds on tertiary consumers. These are the animals that consumes at the top of the food chain after the primary consumer.
Quaternary consumer primarily prey on or eat animals lower in the food chain than themselves, such as tertiary and secondary consumers. They are usually larger animals. Because they are larger, they also need to eat a lot of food to stay alive, so there are usually fewer quaternary consumers in an ecosystem than other animals.
The quaternary consumers are obligate meat consumers, most are opportunistic predators that eat tertiary, secondary, or even primary consumers. Some examples of quaternary consumers are Eagles, Polar bears, Lions, Tigers etc.
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which individual has a valid reason to take a vitamin/mineral supplement?
Answers
Answer:
If the have a vitamin deficent or anemia as well as a doctor remoceded them increase in their viamin intake.
Explanation:
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Answers
Answer:
6
Explanation:
Answer:
B
Explanation:
If the shaded part is the trait then half would only be carriers and would not actually have the trait. It would need to be fully shaded. So only 4.
34. Animals store most of their excess energy reserves as _______ because
A. glucose; it is easy to break down.
B. fat; they store twice as much energy per gram.
C. protein; it is a compact source of energy in their bodies.
D. carbohydrates; they store twice as much energy per gram of glucose.
Answers
Luisa went into the bathroom after her sister had a bath. It was full of mist and the mirror was covered with the a lot of liquid drops. What was the mist made of?
Answers
Answer:
Mist is made of water vapor.
Explanation:
The bathroom mirror and the fog that the bathroom presents after someone takes a shower, is formed by water vapor. This water vapor is formed by the hot water from showers, which evaporates. This water vapor is what forms the mist, however, when this mist touches the surfaces of the bathroom, such as the mirror, it becomes water again and that smothers the mirror. The mist becomes water when touching the mirror because of the difference in temperature between them, as the mist is hot and the mirror is cold. This happens through the condensation of water.
The graph shows the history of human population growth
Answers
Answer:
exponential growth, c.
Exponential growth is iconic for ramping up, resulting in a near vertical line by the time its really going.