dominance hierarchies among female primates are especially important with respect to

an important component of healthy soil. Decomposing leaf litter releases nutrients into the soil and also keeps it moist.

did that answer your question?

Answer: worse

Explanation:the decaying leaves worsen the soil making it harder to use for other things

The decline in the overall population of trout and larger fish is because the Insect population has decreased.

A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat.

Population of organisms is affected by;

Since the population of trout is directly affected by the number of insect species, the decline in the overall population is because the Insect population has decreased.

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In first graph, the age of 15 to 20 has more increament then the age of 20-24.

More twins are being born now than ever before mainly because of the rising use the IVF and more people starting their families later in life. The rate of twin birth may now as its peak , though due to fertility clinics refining their techniques.

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Answer:

In these cases, genetic drift can result in the loss of rare alleles and decrease the gene pool. Genetic drift can cause a new population to be generally distinct from it's original population, which has led to the hypothesis that genetic drift plays a role in the evolution of new species.

Answer:

the answer is 5 and 3 i had a question like this and i got it right i hope im right

Explanation:

About 100 earthquakes per year are strong enough to cause damage, while most earthquakes are not strong enough to be felt by humans. So, the correct options are (D) and (E).

An earthquake is defined as a sudden release of strain energy in the Earth's crust which results in waves of vibration that radiate outward from the earthquake source. When the stress in the crust exceeds the strength of the rock, it tends to break along lines of weakness, either pre-existing or new fault planes.

Earthquakes occur very frequently as the Earth's tectonic plates are always move and they collide or brush against each other which creates stress that is regularly released in the form of earthquakes. About a million earth tremors occur every year that are undetectable to humans, where they are 2.4 on the Richter and lower in magnitude. Therefore, every year there are about 100 earthquakes above 6.0 Richter magnitude that cause damage.

Thus, about 100 earthquakes per year are strong enough to cause damage, while most earthquakes are not strong enough to be felt by humans. So, the correct options are (D) and (E).

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The stratigraphy drawing can be used to determine the relative ages of the different layers. Radiocarbon dating can be used to date layer B containing an unfossilized bone.

The layer at the bottom of the stratigraphy drawing is the oldest, indicated by the letter "A." The layer at the top of the stratigraphy drawing is the youngest, indicated by the letter "E."

To date layer B contains an unfossilized bone, one could use radiocarbon dating, also known as carbon-14 dating. This dating method relies on the radioactive decay of carbon-14, which is found in organic materials, such as bone. Carbon-14 dating can be used to determine the age of the bone up to approximately 50,000 years ago, which makes it an appropriate dating method for layer B in the stratigraphy drawing.

To determine a chronometric date for the fossilized bone found in layer D, a combination of different dating methods could be used. Since layers C and E are made of volcanic rock, it is possible to use radiometric dating techniques, such as potassium-argon dating or argon-argon dating, which rely on the decay of radioactive isotopes of potassium to argon, to date these layers.

Once the dates for layers C and E have been determined, it would be possible to bracket the age of layer D. Additionally, other dating methods, such as paleomagnetism, which uses changes in the earth's magnetic field to date rock formations, could be used to further refine the age range of layer D. Ultimately, a combination of dating methods would be necessary to determine a reliable chronometric date for layer D.

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The following are the true statements about race:

The following are the false statements about race:

Race is a widely debated topic that refers to the grouping of individuals based on differences in physical appearance, genetic inheritance, or shared ancestry. However, race is not based on scientific facts. Race is a social construct and not a biological concept.

The concept of race has been used in the past to discriminate against and marginalize certain groups of people based on their physical features or cultural practices. The primary factor that determines the color of an individual's skin is melanin pigment. The amount of melanin produced by the melanocytes determines whether an individual will have lighter or darker skin.

However, race is not a biological category but a social construct, as different societies have different criteria for grouping people into different races.

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Answer:

the biggest change to San Joaquin Valley ecosystems caused by humans in the past 150 years is the shortage of water in the river.

Explanation:

During 150 years, the San Joaquin Valley ecosystems was extremely damaged by the human activities such as building of dams and diversion of river. The San Joaquin Valley has a productive agriculture land due to availability of water. Due to building of dams, the amount of water in the river is decreases and also the population of many fish species decreases. this is because of the disturbance occurs in their natural habitat due to human activities.

Answer: The light-independent reactions are also called the dark reactions or the Calvin cycle.

I hope this helps!

Answer:

hope it helped. if yes pls follow

Explanation:

living things use energy. But virus does not use energy. So my opinion is virus is non-living.

Answer: ............

Explanation:

Answer:

The formation of fresh areas of oceanic crust which occurs through the upwelling of magma at mid-ocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side.

Without compromising the flavor or nutritional content of milk, pasteurization eliminates harmful microorganisms (sterilization = total bacterial eradication). Thus, option C is correct.

Liquid food that is packaged or unpack aged is subjected to pasteurization, a mild heat treatment that involves heating the food to temperatures below 100 °C.

The product's phase transition is prevented by the heat treatment and cooling procedure. During pasteurization, liquids are cooked for a limited period of time at high temperatures.

Dairy products, tomato ketchup, and baby meals are examples of non-Newtonian fluids that can be pasteurized using shell and tube heat exchangers.

Therefore, The ideal temperature for pasteurizing liquid meals with gentle heat to effectively sterilize them and render bacteria and other microorganisms inactive is 212 °F (ca. 100 °C).

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The repeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell division, growth, and increasing the number of organelles is called the Cell Cycle.

The cell cycle also known as the cell-division cycle, is described as the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells.

The cell cycle consists of four discrete phases known as G1, S, G2, and M.

The S or synthesis phase is when DNA replication occurs, and the M or mitosis phase is when the actual cell division occurs. The other two phases — G1 and G2, known as the gap phases are less dramatic but equally important.

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The answer to the question is option C - radiation and heat can be used to decontaminate raw food and food-handling equipment to reduce the risk of listeriosis.

Both radiation and heat are effective methods for killing the bacteria that causes listeriosis. Radiation can be used in the form of gamma rays or electron beams, which penetrate the food or equipment and kill the bacteria. Heat, on the other hand, can be applied through methods such as pasteurization or cooking, which also kill the bacteria.

While both methods can be effective, it is important to note that not all foods or equipment can withstand high levels of radiation or heat. In such cases, alternative methods may need to be used to reduce the risk of listeriosis.

Overall, both radiation and heat can be used to decontaminate raw food and food-handling equipment to reduce the risk of listeriosis. However, it is important to consider the type of food or equipment being treated and to use appropriate methods that are effective while also ensuring the safety and quality of the food.

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Any molecule or fragment of a molecule that has the potential to trigger a specific immune response by lymphocytes is called an antigen.

Antigens are substances that can be recognized by the immune system as foreign or non-self. They can be found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and parasites, as well as on cells or particles from foreign substances such as pollen, toxins, or transplanted organs.

Antigens can also be generated from within the body, such as in the case of cancer cells or self-antigens associated with autoimmune diseases.

When an antigen enters the body, it interacts with specialized immune cells called lymphocytes, specifically B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies that can bind to antigens, whereas T cells recognize antigens displayed on the surface of cells. The immune system recognizes antigens as foreign and initiates an immune response to eliminate them.

Antigens possess specific structural features called epitopes or antigenic determinants. These are regions on the antigen molecule that are recognized by specific receptors on lymphocytes called antigen receptors. The antigen receptors on B cells are antibodies, while T cells have T cell receptors.

Upon encountering an antigen, lymphocytes with receptors that can recognize and bind to the antigen are activated, leading to an immune response. This response can involve the production of antibodies, the activation of immune cells, and the elimination of the antigen.

Antigens play a vital role in the immune system's ability to recognize and mount a defense against foreign substances and pathogens.

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A cluster of differentiation molecule is a glycoprotein used to identify and distinguish white blood cells.

The cluster of differentiation (CD) classification refers to proteins found on the surface of cells. Each unique surface molecule is assigned a different number, which allows cell phenotypes to be identified. These cell surface molecules of leukocytes are routinely detected with anti-leukocyte monoclonal antibodies. Clusters of antigens on the surface of leukocytes can be designated by their reactions with monoclonal antibodies.CD molecules are surface molecules expressed on cells of the immune system that play key roles in immune cell-cell communication and sensing the microenvironment.

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Answer:

IV flow rate (ggt/min) required for the patient = 21 ggt/min to the nearest whole number

Explanation:

To calculate IV flow rate or the drops per minute, the drop factor is needed.

The drop factor is the number of drops in one mL of solution, and is printed on the IV tubing package.

The formula for calculating the IV flow rate (drip rate) is given as;

IV flow rate (ggt/min) = {total volume (mL) / time (min)} * drop factor (gtts/mL)

From the given values in the question, drop factor = 10 ggt/mL; time in minutes = 8 hours * 60 minutes/hour = 480 minutes; volume of IV fliud = 1 litre = 1000 mL

Therefore, IV flow rate (ggt/min) = (1000/480) * 10 = 20.33

IV flow rate (ggt/min) required for the patient = 21 ggt/min to the nearest whole number

Answer:

photosynthesis

Explanation:

Chlorophyll is a photosynthetic pigment common in plants. by absorbing particular wavelengths of light which they use to produce particular biomolecules. Hence, light energy is converted to chemical energy this process is known as photosynthesis.

Answer:

Avulsion.

Explanation:

Human bite wounds are blunt wounds, sometimes with partial or total avulsion (ear, lips, nose, hands) and with intense contamination. An avulsion is a complete tear of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It does not allow the approximation of edges. It presents moderate to abundant hemorrhage and is accompanied by the exposure of underlying tissues (bone, tendon). The tear can be complete or partial; in the latter case, a connection or bridge is preserved between the torn tissue and the rest of the body.

Answer:

An amino acid is one of the building blocks of a protein. A gene's DNA sequence determines the order of amino acids that make up a protein, so changes in the DNA sequence often result in changes in the amino acid sequence as well.

Explanation:

as ss

The following steps or substances by where they appear in the process of glucose metabolism is 1. Glucose is physically broken apart during glycolysis to form pyruvate, 2. Pyruvate is then converted to acetyl CoA, 3. Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle, 4. The NADH and FADH₂ molecules produced in the citric acid cycle enter the electron transport chain (ETC) located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, and 5. The protons that have been pumped out of the matrix create an electrochemical gradient.

Glucose is physically broken apart during glycolysis to form pyruvate, this process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and does not require oxygen. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP and NADH. Pyruvate is then converted to acetyl CoA, this conversion takes place in the mitochondria and is a crucial step in linking glycolysis to the citric acid cycle and in this process, carbon dioxide is released, and NADH is generated. Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle), this cycle occurs in the mitochondria and involves a series of chemical reactions that generate energy-rich molecules, such as NADH and FADH₂. Carbon dioxide is also released during this process.

The NADH and FADH₂ molecules produced in the citric acid cycle enter the electron transport chain (ETC) located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The ETC oxidizes NADH and FADH₂, releasing their stored energy, this energy is used to pump protons (H⁺) out of the mitochondrial matrix. The protons that have been pumped out of the matrix create an electrochemical gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthase, an enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, to produce ATP, this process is called oxidative phosphorylation and is the main source of ATP production in glucose metabolism.

In summary, glucose metabolism involves glycolysis, the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and ATP synthesis. Each step plays a vital role in producing ATP and generating energy for the cell.

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Answer:

Cytotoxic T cell

Helper T cell

Explanation:

Adaptive immune system is a part of the immune system initiated only when there is an attack by a pathogen or foreign substance. The adaptive immune system is beckoned on when the infection is insurmountable for the body's first line of immunity, which is the innate immune system.

The adaptive immune response is triggered by the white blood cells called LYMPHOCYTES. Lymphocytes consists of T cells and B cells. T cells are either cytotoxic or helper T cells. The cytotoxic T cells kills the cells infected with the virus while the Helper T cells activate every other cell involved in the immune process.

Mitochondria is the correct answer, Mitochondria is also refered as cell organelle.

Mitochondria, also referred to as the "Powerhouse of the Cell," are double membrane-bound organelles that are present in the majority of eukaryotic species. They are located inside the cytoplasm and serve as the "digestive system" of the cell.

They are crucial in the breakdown of nutrients and the production of molecules that are high in energy for the cell. The mitochondria are the sites of many metabolic processes involved in cellular respiration. The Greek terms "mitos" and "chondrion," which mean "thread" and "granules-like," respectively, are the source of the English word "mitochondrion." Richard Altmann, a German pathologist, published the first description of it in 1890.

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Answer:

Neutrons start the reaction and are released during it

Explanation:

N

Neutrons start the reaction and are released during it is the correct answer.

Neutrons start the reaction and are released during it is the feature of nuclear fission reactions that allows these reactions to take place in a chain reaction because the neutron that is released hit the other atom which leads to the start of other reaction and so on.

so we can conclude that Neutrons start the reaction and are released during it is the correct answer.

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A female offspring of the cross has a 100% chance of having a recessive allele for Duchenne muscular dystrophy disorder. The correct option is 4.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a recessive genetic disease caused by a faulty allele.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disorder, which means that the gene responsible for the disorder is located on the X chromosome.

This defective allele is found on the X chromosome; females have two X chromosomes, while males have one.

A female with this genetic disorder has a one hundred percent chance of passing on the defective allele to her offspring.

In conclusion, a female offspring of the cross has a 100% chance of having a recessive allele for Duchenne muscular dystrophy disorder.

Thus, the correct option is 4.

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Answer:

beneficial, harmful, beneficial, beneficial

Explanation:

Answer:

Benefitial

Harmful

Benefitial

Benefitial

Explanation:

I just did the assignment Edge 2021. Hope this helped!

Genetics is the branch of biology that studies how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.

Here are the definitions and examples of the three types of dominance in genetics:1) Complete dominant: This occurs when one allele completely dominates over the other. In a heterozygous genotype, the dominant allele will always be expressed. For example, if a pea plant with the genotype Rr (where R is the dominant allele for round seeds and r is the recessive allele for wrinkled seeds) is crossed with a homozygous dominant pea plant (RR), all of the offspring will have round seeds because the dominant R allele completely masks the recessive r allele.2) Incomplete dominant: This occurs when neither allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a blending of the two traits. In a heterozygous genotype, a third phenotype is expressed which is a combination of the two alleles. For example, if a red flower (RR) is crossed with a white flower (WW), the F1 generation will all be pink (RW).3) Co-dominant: This occurs when both alleles are equally dominant and both traits are expressed in the phenotype. In a heterozygous genotype, both alleles are expressed without one dominating the other. For example, in the human blood type, the A and B alleles are co-dominant. If a person has both A and B alleles, they will have the AB blood type.

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Gastropods (snails) have a single, whorled shell. If the apex (tip) is pointing up and the opening is to the left, this is known as a sinistral condition. In discussing echinoids, "regular" means there is no preferred direction of travel. Oysters are bivalves, like clams, but differ from them in having asymmetrical, different size shells and having calcite shells.

The ultimate cause of the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period is suspected to be a meteorite impact. The condition in which Gastropods (snails) have a single, whorled shell with the apex pointing up and the opening to the left is known as a sinistral condition.

Echinoids are regular when there is no preferred direction of travel. They have a spherical or disk-shaped internal skeleton known as a test and spines that are mobile. Their test is made up of numerous plates, which in turn are covered in tubercles and pincers. Oysters differ from clams in having asymmetrical, different size shells and having calcite shells.

They are sessile animals that do not move around the seafloor but rather attach themselves to rocks or other hard surfaces. A meteorite impact is suspected to be the ultimate cause of the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period. The impact produced shock waves that generated tsunamis, earthquakes, and firestorms. The ejected dust and debris from the impact site resulted in global darkness and cooling of the Earth's atmosphere.

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