The constant position error is 1/126. The steady-state error is the difference between the desired value (12) and the output at steady state. Since the input is a step function, the output settles to a constant value. In this case, the steady-state error would be 12 - output at steady state.
To find the constant position error and steady-state error in a closed-loop system, we need to analyze the system's open-loop transfer function and use the final value theorem.
Given the forward path transfer function G(s) = 200(s + 2)(s + 5)/(s + 4)(2s + 6), we can determine the closed-loop transfer function by dividing G(s) by (1 + G(s)). However, since the problem only asks for the steady-state error, we can directly use the open-loop transfer function.
The steady-state error is the difference between the desired value (step input) and the output of the system at steady state. In this case, a step input of height 12 is applied.
To calculate the constant position error, we evaluate the steady-state error when the input is a constant (step) signal. For a step input of height 12, the steady-state error is given by:
Steady-state error = 1 / (1 + Kp)
where Kp is the position error constant, defined as the value of the transfer function evaluated at s = 0.
To find Kp, we substitute s = 0 into the transfer function:
G(s) = 200(s + 2)(s + 5)/(s + 4)(2s + 6)
G(0) = 200(0 + 2)(0 + 5)/(0 + 4)(2(0) + 6)
= 200(2)(5)/(4)(6)
= 500/4
= 125
Now we can calculate the constant position error:
Steady-state error = 1 / (1 + Kp)
= 1 / (1 + 125)
= 1/126
Therefore, the constant position error is 1/126.
The steady-state error is the difference between the desired value (12) and the output at steady state. Since the input is a step function, the output settles to a constant value. In this case, the steady-state error would be 12 - output at steady state.
However, to determine the output at steady state, we need additional information such as the complete closed-loop transfer function or the system's response characteristics (such as poles and zeros). Without that information, we cannot directly calculate the steady-state error.
Please provide additional details or equations if available, and I would be happy to assist you further in calculating the steady-state error.
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An organization sets its standards for quality according to the best product it can produce.
True
False
Answer:
True!! took the test
Explanation:
What is the first thing a person must do before anything can be done today corroded area
Answer:
Explanation:
We have learned that three things are required for the anodic and cathodic steps of corrosion to occur: an electrolyte, an exposed metal surface, and an electron acceptor. It follows, then, that we can prevent corrosion by removing one of these essential conditions.
How is conduit size calculated when wires of two or more sizes are used?
Divide the number of each gauge and kind of wires by the wire diameter is conduit size calculated when wires of two or more sizes are used.
What are some common uses of wire?Here are some typical applications for wire shapes. Additionally, a lot of electrical applications use wire shapes.
Baggage label clips. Electrical switchgear. Light fittings. Hooks. Telecommunications equipment. Textile machinery. Safety equipment.Thus, Divide the number of each gauge and kind of wires by the wire diameter
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Due within next 5 minutes... Should scientists be allowed to research human cloning? Explain and defend your answer.
Answer:
science is hard but human cloning this is legendary but still its up to the government but me i would allow this because its something that science can upgrade to
Explanation:
25 In differential aeration corrosion, rich oxygenated parts are
(a) anodic(b)cathodic
(c) protected (d) none of above
26
To eliminate entrapment of moisture, it is advised to
(a) make corners smooth
(b) coat the containers
(c) use corrosion resistant alloy, like cupro-nickel (d) provide a drainage hole
27 Storage containers should be designed in such a way that
(a) No crevices are formed
(b) No obstacle to drainage occurs
(c) The design should ensure that the containers are drained in minimum time
(d) the containers should be constructed from plastics rather than metals or allows
28 The corrosion resistance of metals, such as stainless steels and copper alloys.
depends upon the buildup of uniform surface films. Which one of the following
would require a maximum attention of the designer?
(a) Accessibility of oxygen in the operating medium.
(b) Coating of the metal
(c)The drainage capability of the vessel (d)
The period of storage of the liquid in the container
Answer:what are you trying to say
Explanation:
1. What is an op-amp? List the characteristics of an ideal op-amp
Answer:
An opamp is an operation amplifier. It takes an input signal and amplifies it on the output side.
An ideal opamp should have infinite impedance at its input, infinite gain on the output, and zero impedance on the output
a venturi meter with a 7 in diameter throat is installed in a 14 in diameter water line. the venturi is perfectly smooth, so that the discharge coefficient is 1.00. an attached mercury manometer registers a 3 in differential. what is the volumetric flow rate?
Micrometer for brake rotors. For air disc brakes, the steering axle brake lining/pad thickness must be at least 3.2 mm (1/8 inch), and for hydraulic disc, drum, and electric brakes, it must be at least 1.6 mm (1/16 inch).
Every 45° (1/8 of a rotation), take a measurement of the brake rotor thickness of 0.40 inches (10mm) inside the outside circumference of the brake rotor. 6. Compare the lowest result obtained to the brake rotor's minimum thickness requirements. Depending on the vehicle, replacement brake pads can range in thickness from roughly 3/8" to 1/2". When the pads are down to around 1/4 inch, some shops advise changing them; others advise doing so at 1/8 or when only 20 to 25 percent of the original thickness remains.
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Most of the work that engineers do with fluids occurs in nature. True False
Answer:
It's False
Explanation:
I did the assignment
6. She folded the clean towel and put in the closet.
A Mass Noun
C. Count Noun
B. Collective Noun
D. Possessive Noun
Can you answer this!!!
Answer:
C. Count Noun
Explanation:
Electricity is the flow of electrons from a negatively charged
material to a positively charged material.
Answer- TRUE
A heating element for a cooking appliance is stretched too far during installation. What action can be performed? A. Dispose of the element and purchase a new one. B. Chill the element in a freezer to shrink it. C. Cut the element to shorten it. D. Recoil the element over a rod.
Because the heating element for a cooking appliance is stretched too far during installation, Dispose of the element and purchase a new one.
What is meant by heating element?The Definition of heating element is known to be the aspect of an electric heating appliance where the electrical energy is said to be changed to heat.
Note that Because the heating element for a cooking appliance is stretched too far during installation, Dispose of the element and purchase a new one.
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It is important to follow correct procedures when running electrical cables next to data cables inorder to protect against which environmental concern?
a. humidity
b. electromagnetic interference
c. temperature
d. airflow
Answer:
D. Electromagnetic Interference
Explanation:
Electromagnetic interference, also known as radio-frequency interference is when electrical cables put out electromagnetic fields. Temperature, airflow, and humidity are all important parts of environmental control, but they do not affect data cabling, whereas electromagnetic interference can.
In order to prevent against environmental concerns related to electromagnetic interference, it is crucial to follow the safety procedures while running electrical cables close to data cables. The choice is b).
What is the scientific definition of temperature?The associated with the motion energy of particles in an item is measured by its temperature. The velocity of these particles likewise increases as the temperature rises. Using a thermostat or a calorimeter, one may determine the temperature.
Data cabling and other uninsulated equipment can have problems due to electromagnetic interference, which occurs when electronic items or cabling emit electromagnetic pulses.
Although crucial components of environmental management, ventilation, humidity, and temperature do not affect data cabling.
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What is "Engineering"?
Pressure readings on an SCBA cylinder gauge and remote pressure gauge should not differby more than _____ %.A. 10B. 15C. 20D. 25
The correct answer is A. 10.When it comes to pressure readings on an SCBA (Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus) cylinder gauge and remote pressure gauge, it is generally recommended that the two readings should not differ by more than 10%.
SCBA equipment is crucial for providing respiratory protection to firefighters and other personnel in hazardous environments. It consists of a high-pressure cylinder containing compressed air or other breathing gases. The cylinder gauge, located on the SCBA itself, displays the pressure level inside the cylinder. Additionally, there is a remote pressure gauge that is typically positioned on the regulator assembly or control panel.
To ensure accurate and reliable readings, it is important to calibrate and maintain both the cylinder gauge and the remote pressure gauge regularly. The purpose of keeping the readings within a 10% difference is to ensure consistency and safety. A significant deviation between the two gauges could indicate a problem with the equipment, such as a leak or malfunction, which could compromise the user's ability to breathe properly.
By adhering to this guideline, users can have confidence in the accuracy of their pressure readings, enabling them to make informed decisions regarding their air supply and overall safety while operating in potentially dangerous environments.
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An electric motor runs at 600 r/min when driving a load requiring a torque of 200 N m. Ifthe motor input is 15 kW, calculate the efficiency of the motor and the heat lost by the motor perminute, assuming its temperature to remain constant
The efficiency of the motor is 80%.
The heat lost by the motor per minute is 7.5 kW.
Here are the calculations:The output power of the motor is given by:
P_o = τ * ω
where τ is the torque and ω is the angular velocity.
P_o = 200 N m * (2π * 600 r/min) / 60 s/min = 6000 W
The efficiency of the motor is given by:
η = P_o / P_i
where P_i is the input power.
η = 6000 W / 15 kW = 0.8
The heat lost by the motor per minute is given by:
Q = P_i - P_o
Q = 15 kW - 6000 W = 7.5 kW
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An engine operates on the theoretical diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 15. the heat addition (combustion) process corresponds to 10% of the stroke. the pressure and temperature of air at the beginning of compression (state 1) are 98 kpa and 17oc. on a cold air-standard basis, the thermal efficiency of the diesel cycle can be expressed as:
Answer is illustrated through images attached.
Here compression ratio is 15.
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Life Cycle Costing is difficult to
implement, because:
Oa. Industry has no motivation
O b.
O C.
Lack of understanding by client
Lack of historical data
O d. All of the above
Life Cycle Costing is difficult to implement, because: d. All of the above.
What is Life Cycle Costing?Implementing Life Cycle Costing can be difficult because of various factors, including:
a. Industry has no motivation: Some industries may not see the benefit of implementing Life Cycle Costing, which can make it difficult to convince them to invest time and resources into it.
b. Lack of understanding by the client: Clients may not fully understand the concept of Life Cycle Costing, which can lead to resistance or reluctance to use it.
c. Lack of historical data: Life Cycle Costing requires accurate data on the costs associated with each phase of a product's life cycle. However, this data may not always be available, which can make it difficult to implement Life Cycle Costing.
Therefore, All of these factors can make it challenging to implement Life Cycle Costing, but with proper education, communication, and data collection, it can be an effective tool for managing costs over the life of a product or project.
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how skateboards works?
Answer
The skateboarder applies pressure to the trucks and gives/releases pressure on the levers. Second, the wheels and the axles are also examples of simple machines. They help the skater ride, spin, grind, and do a bunch of other radical movements on a skateboard.:
Explanation:
Draw the circuit diagram for 3 cells connected in series, two resistors in series and a switch.
If V = I x R, calculate l if one cell = 2V and the resistor = 4Ω.
Answer:
See the image for solution
If a piece of machinery needs a replacement motor and will be damaged if the new motor rotates the wrong way. The test equipment needed to test the rotation direction of the new motor is a a. MEGGER b. phase angle voltmeter c. phase rotation meter d. digital multimeter
To test the rotation direction of the new motor, you would need a phase rotation meter (option c). This device helps ensure that the motor rotates in the correct direction, preventing any damage to the machinery.
The test equipment needed to test the rotation direction of the new motor is a phase rotation meter. This device is specifically designed to determine the rotation direction of a motor and is commonly used in industrial and commercial settings. Using this tool is essential when replacing a motor to ensure that it rotates in the correct direction and prevent damage to the machinery. A MEGGER is used to test the insulation of electrical wiring and equipment, a phase angle voltmeter measures the phase difference between two alternating currents, and a digital multimeter is a versatile tool used for measuring various electrical parameters.
To test the rotation direction of the new motor, you would need a phase rotation meter (option c). This device helps ensure that the motor rotates in the correct direction, preventing any damage to the machinery.
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If a piece of machinery requires a replacement motor, it is crucial to ensure that the new motor rotates in the correct direction. Failure to do so can cause damage to the machinery, and even pose a safety risk to those working with or around the equipment. To test the rotation direction of the new motor, a phase rotation meter is the appropriate test equipment to use.
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3. In an engine, the stroke is the distance the piston?
The distance the piston moves in the cylinder is the stroke. The engine capacity, or displacement, of a car is the combined volume of all its cylinders.
What is piston?A piston is a component of, among other things, reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors, hydraulic cylinders, and pneumatic cylinders.
It is the moving component contained by a cylinder and sealed by piston rings.
Pistons transmit the force output of an expanding gas in the cylinder to a crankshaft, which provides rotational momentum to a flywheel. A reciprocating engine is a type of system like this.
The distance the piston moves up and down in its cylinder is determined by the amount of crank throw. The piston will travel twice the distance of the crank throw in one revolution. This is referred to as the stroke.
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Six 20 watt, 12-volt luminaires (lighting fixtures) are supplied from a small, 12-volt transformer that is 60 feet away from the fixtures. the wire used is 14 awg. what is the voltage applied to the fixtures? use k = 11.6.
If the wire used is 14 awg. The voltage applied to the fixtures is: 8.61 volts.
Voltage applied to the fixturesFirst step is to calculate the amperes using this formula
I = P ÷ E
Where:
I =load current (amperes)=?
P =Product of voltage=(6)(20)
E =Electrical circuit's=12
Let plug in the formula
I= (6)(20) ÷ 12
I=120÷12
I= 10 amps
Second step is to calculate the Voltage drop
Using this formula
Vd = [2KIL] ÷ CMA
Where:
Vd= Voltage drop( volts)=?
K=Direct current constant=11.6
I=Load current (amperes)= 10 amps
L =Length in feet=60 feet
CMA=Circular mill area= 4110
Let plug in the formula
Vd= [(2)(11.6)(10)(60)] ÷ 4110
Vd=13,920÷4110
Vd= 3.3869 volts
Third step is to calculate Voltage at fixture
Voltage at fixtures=Electrical circuit's-Voltage drop
Voltage at fixtures=12 - 3.3869
Voltage at fixtures=8.6131 volts
Voltage at fixtures=8.61 volts (Approximately)
Therefore the voltage applied to the fixtures is: 8.61 volts.
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when a user has connectivity issues yet can reach some destinations by using ip addresses, the problem is most likely due to which of the following?A slow network connectionA problem reaching the DNS serverUser error when entering website namesA defective network cable
It seems that when a user has connectivity issues but can reach some destinations by using IP addresses, the problem is most likely due to "A problem reaching the DNS server."
The DNS (Domain Name System) server is responsible for translating domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses that the computer can understand. If a user can access websites using IP addresses but not domain names, it indicates that the DNS server might not be functioning properly or there's a problem with the connection to the DNS server.
In this situation, it's recommended to check the DNS server settings on the user's device, and if necessary, try using an alternative DNS server or contact the Internet Service Provider for further assistance.
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what can be used to relieve stress in a weld.
A 75-kg piano is hosted on a crane and delivered throughout the window of a 6th story apartment (20 meters above ground). What is the potential energy of the piano?
Answer:
14,700 J
Explanation:
PE = Mgh = (75 kg)(9.8 m/s²)(20 m) = 14,700 J
Why are you asked to draw a sketch of a Bridge-Design on a graph sheet/A4 sheet?
Engineers or architects can be asked to draw a sketch of a bridge-design on a graph sheet or A4 paper to communicate their ideas and scale their drawings.
Architectural sketches are about the communication of ideas. Engineers and architects use hand sketching to clarify elements of the design to the contractor or client.
It should be noted that drawings can also be drawn on a graph sheet or A4 paper to represent the detail before it's eventually constructed.
Scale drawings are used for the illustration of items that are not convenient to draw their actual size. In the construction industry, scales are used depending on the nature of the drawing. Drawings can be made on a graph or A4 paper due to the ease of printing, reproducing, and resizing the drawings.
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Question 59
Marks: 1
______ has the responsibility for internal housekeeping and for monitoring all waste discharges in terms of types and quantities.
Choose one answer.
a. Industry
b. NCR
c. NEPA
d. State health departments
The correct answer to this question is "c. NEPA." NEPA stands for the National Environmental Protection Agency, and they are responsible for overseeing environmental regulations and monitoring waste discharges. They have the authority to enforce penalties and fines for companies that do not comply with their regulations.
In addition to monitoring waste discharges, NEPA also has responsibility for internal housekeeping, which refers to the management and control of waste within a company's facilities. This includes proper disposal of hazardous materials, maintaining clean and safe working conditions, and implementing procedures to reduce waste and improve efficiency. Overall, NEPA plays an important role in protecting the environment and ensuring that companies are responsible for their internal waste management and external waste discharges.
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While discussing the diagnosis of an EI system in which the crankshaft and camshaft sensor tests are satisfactory but a spark tester connected from the spark plug wires to ground does not fire, Technician A says the coil assembly may be defective. Technician B says the voltage supply wire to the coil assembly maybe open. Who is correct?
Answer:
Both A and B are correct.
Explanation:
The crankshaft sensor is attached to the crankshaft pulley on the
back side of the crankshaft. It is used to pass a signal to the PCM
which controls the ignition of an engine. This sensor helps in providing some basic timing for the signal. If there is a faulty sensor present, the signal will not be received by the PCM. So, it will affect the engine while starting. One reason can be a defective
assembly of the coil.
If there is a faulty \(\mathrm{PCM}\), the signal will not be received properly. This will not allow the passing of signals to the ignition system. This will cause a misfire. One of the most common causes of
misfire is a faulty ignition coil. This will affect the working of a
sensor. So, prevent engine from starting.
The pyramids in Egypt are cited as an ancient world wonder. What is the main
reason that the pyramids are important to the study of engineering?
The pyramids are important to the study of engineering because they were some of the first structures built using engineering principles. The pyramids are an example of how engineering can be used to create amazing structures.
What is pyramid?
A pyramid is a structure with triangular exterior surfaces that converge to a single step at the summit, giving the shape the shape of a pyramid in the geometric sense. A pyramid's base can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon shape. A pyramid, as a result, has at least three exterior triangle surfaces. A typical variant is the square pyramid, which has a square base and four triangular exterior surfaces. The design of a pyramid, with the majority of the weight closer to the bottom and the pyramidion at the apex, means that less material will be pushed down from above. This weight distribution enabled early civilizations to build stable massive constructions.
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Water flows through this orifice meter by gravity. The orifice diameter is 50 cm and water height difference is 10 m. If the contraction coefficient is 0.62 and velocity coefficient is 0.90, the flow rate through the orifice is most nearly:
Answer:
Q ≅ 1.53 m³/s
Explanation:
From the given information:
The flow rate of the orifice is:
\(v = c_v \sqrt{2gh}\)
\(v = 0.90 \times \sqrt{2*9.81 * 10}\)
where;
\(Q = c_d \times \sqrt{2gh} \times A\); &
\(c_d = c_c \times c_v\)
∴
\(Q = c_c \times c_v \sqrt{2gh} \times \dfrac{\pi}{4}\times d^2\)
\(Q = 0.90 \times 0.62 \sqrt{2*9.81*10} \times \dfrac{\pi}{4}\times 0.5^2\)
\(Q = 0.558 \times 14.00714104 \times 0.1963495408\)
Q ≅ 1.53 m³/s