Calculate the standard free-energy change for the following reaction at 25 �C. Standard reduction potentials can be found here. 2Au^3+(aq) + 3Cr(s) <--> 2Au(s) + 3Cr^2+(aq)
Answers
The standard free-energy change for the reaction at 25°C is -3.04 x 105 J/mol
The standard free-energy change (ΔG°) for the following reaction : 2Au3+(aq) + 3Cr(s) ⇌ 2Au(s) + 3Cr2+(aq) can be calculated using the equation : ΔG° = -nFE° cell where n is the number of electrons transferred in the reaction , F is Faraday's constant and E° cell is the standard cell potential.
The half-reactions are as follows : Cr3+(aq) + 3e- → Cr(s) E°red = -0.74 VAu3+(aq) + 3e- → Au(s) E°red = +1.50 V To obtain the overall reaction, we need to reverse the oxidation half-reaction and multiply it by 2:2Cr(s) → 2Cr3+(aq) + 6e-
So the overall reaction becomes : 2Au3+(aq) + 2Cr(s) ⇌ 2Au(s) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 6e-
Now we can calculate the cell potential as follows : E°cell = E°red , cathode - E°red , anode E°cell = (+1.50 V) - (-0.74 V)E° cell = +2.24 V
To calculate ΔG°, we need to know the number of electrons transferred in the reaction. From the balanced overall reaction, we see that 6 electrons are transferred .
So , ΔG° = -nFE°cellΔG° = -(6)(96,485 J/V mol)(+2.24 V)ΔG° = -3.04 x 105 J/mol . Thus, the standard free-energy change for the reaction at 25°C is -3.04 x 105 J/mol.
The quantity of useable energy—or energy that may do work—in a system is expressed as its Gibbs free energy (G). A reaction's energetics and spontaneity (whether it can occur without the addition of additional energy) may both be learned from the change in Gibbs free energy that occurs throughout the reaction. The shift in Gibbs free energy may be defined simply as :
G = G final - G initial.
In other words, G is the shift in a system's free energy from an initial state, like all reactants, to an additional, final state, like all products. This number indicates how much energy was released (or absorbed) from the starting state to the end state.
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Related Questions
PLS HELP FAST 20 POINTS
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I am pretty sure that it is C
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Sabrías citar al menos tres elementos gaseosos en estado natural
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a change in the level of consumer income
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define a near azeotropic refrigerant blend and give two examples
Answers
A near-azeotropic refrigerant blend is a mixture of two or more refrigerants that have similar boiling points and vapor pressures, resulting in a composition that behaves like a single fluid. These blends are designed to offer improved performance and efficiency compared to single-component refrigerants.
Two examples of near-azeotropic refrigerant blends are R-410A and R-404A.
R-410A is a blend of difluoromethane (R-32) and pentafluoroethane (R-125), which has replaced R-22 as a popular refrigerant for air conditioning systems due to its superior efficiency and environmental properties.
R-404A is a blend of tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), pentafluoroethane (R-125), and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-143a), which is commonly used in commercial refrigeration applications such as supermarkets and convenience stores.
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Land can also be called:
A) Money and/or profit
B) Natural Resources
C) Human Resources
Answers
he ______ is the depth in the ocean at which calcareous skeletal material first begins to dissolve. Multiple choice question.
Answers
Answer: lysocline
Explanation:
Lysocline is the depth in the ocean at which calcareous skeletal material first begins to dissolve. It is the depth of the ocean whereby the dissolution rate of calcite has a dramatic rise.
Lysocline is also referred to as the transition zone upper bound where the CaCO3 content drops.
a nestion 11 Ordered: 2 L 05 NS \( M \) to infuse in 20 hr Drop factor: \( 16 \mathrm{gtt} / \mathrm{mL} \) Flow rate: gtt/min
Answers
To calculate the flow rate of 2 L 05 NS (M) to infuse in 20 hr with a drop factor of 16 gtt/mL, we need to follow a few steps. Here's how to calculate the flow rate in gtt/min:First, we need to convert 2 L 05 NS to mL. 1 L = 1000 mL, so 2 L = 2000 mL. Since we have 50 mL left, we can add it up to get a total volume of 2050 mL.
Next, we need to calculate the total time in minutes, since the flow rate is in gtt/min. 20 hours = 20 × 60 = 1200 minutes.The formula for calculating the flow rate is: Flow rate (gtt/min) = Volume (mL) ÷ Time (min) ÷ Drop factor (gtt/mL)Now we can substitute the given values into the formula:
Flow rate (gtt/min) = 2050 mL ÷ 1200 min ÷ 16 gtt/mLFlow rate (gtt/min) = 0.10677 ≈ 0.11 gtt/min (rounded to 2 decimal places)Therefore, the flow rate of 2 L 05 NS (M) to infuse in 20 hr with a drop factor of 16 gtt/mL is approximately 0.11 gtt/min.
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A rod made up of a single element is used to heat water using electricity. To which group does this element probably belong to?
A. Group 2
B. Group 17
C. Group 1
D. Group 3-12
Answers
Answer:d
Explanation:
answer is d for plato users
3 CH3NH2 + 11 HNO3 => 3 CO2 + 13 H2O + 14 NO The rate of disappearance of nitric acid is 20. M/min. 1. What is the rate of the reaction? 2. At what rate is the concentration of carbon dioxide changing?
Answers
The rate of the reaction is 5.45 M/min CO2, and the rate of the concentration change of CO2 is 20 M/min. These values can be obtained using the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction indicates that for every three moles of CH3NH2, 11 moles of HNO3 are consumed, which leads to the formation of three moles of CO2, 13 moles of H2O, and 14 moles of NO. Therefore, the stoichiometry of the reaction is 3:11:3:13:14 for CH3NH2, HNO3, CO2, H2O, and NO, respectively.
Given the rate of disappearance of nitric acid (HNO3) as 20 M/min, we can use the stoichiometry to determine the rate of the reaction and the rate of the concentration change of CO2.
1. Rate of the reaction:
The stoichiometry of the reaction tells us that for every 11 moles of HNO3 consumed, three moles of CO2 are formed. Therefore, the rate of the reaction can be expressed as:
(20 M/min) x (3 mol CO2/11 mol HNO3) = 5.45 M/min CO2
Thus, the rate of the reaction is 5.45 M/min CO2.
2. Rate of the concentration change of CO2:
The stoichiometry of the reaction tells us that for every three moles of CH3NH2 consumed, three moles of CO2 are formed. Therefore, the rate of the concentration change of CO2 can be expressed as:
(20 M/min) x (3 mol CO2/3 mol CH3NH2) = 20 M/min CO2
Thus, the rate of the concentration change of CO2 is 20 M/min.
In conclusion, the rate of the reaction is 5.45 M/min CO2, and the rate of the concentration change of CO2 is 20 M/min. These values can be obtained using the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. It is important to note that the rate of the reaction and the rate of the concentration change of CO2 are different, and they can be determined using different stoichiometric factors.
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Which method could you use to
encourage more product, HI, to form
from the reaction below?
51.8kJ + H_{2}(g) +l 2 (g)
Answers
We can form more HI by increasing the temperature.
What is the endothermic reaction?An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings, typically in the form of heat. This means that the energy of the reactants is lower than the energy of the products, and the reaction requires an input of energy to proceed.
In an endothermic reaction, the temperature of the surroundings usually decreases because energy is being taken in from the environment. For example, when ice melts, the process is endothermic because the ice absorbs heat from its surroundings, causing the temperature to drop.
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Answer:Remove HI gas
Explanation:Acellus confirmed
Using the periodic table, choose the more reactive nonmetal.
Br or As
Answers
Br and As:
Bromine is more reactive as reactivity increases on moving from left to right in p-block
!!please help asap ty!!
2. How many atoms of zinc are present in 0.48 mol of zinc?
(show solution)
Answers
Answer:
2.89× 10²³ atom
Explanation:
Given data:
Number of atoms of Zn = ?
Number of moles of Zn = 0.48 mol
Solution:
The given problem will solve by using Avogadro number.
It is the number of atoms , ions and molecules in one gram atom of element, one gram molecules of compound and one gram ions of a substance.
The number 6.022 × 10²³ is called Avogadro number.
1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ atom
0.48 mol × 6.022 × 10²³ atom / 1mol
2.89× 10²³ atom
What separation equipment is/are required to separate oil from water?
A) Filter paper, beaker, and funnel
B) Erlenmeyer flask, chromatography paper
C) Separating funnel, funnel, beaker
D) Evaporating dish, watch glass
Answers
Answer:C) Separating funnel, funnel, beaker
Explanation:
Mixtures of liquids that are insoluble therefore immiscible are separated using as separating funnel . An example of such mixture is water and oil.
Separating funnel is a laboratory apparatus that is shaped like a cone having a hemispherical end connected to a stopper and a tap.
Now when the immiscible mixture is poured into this apparatus and stirred, then allowed to rest, the denser liquid sinks at the bottom while the less dense stays at the top . that way, the liquid at the bottom can easily be drained out into a beaker while controlling the flow using the stopper while the less dense remains . In the case of water and oil, water sinks to the bottom, while oil remains at the top, that way, both liquids can be separated using the separating funnel.
Flvs ap bio glucose molecules bond together in a process known as dehydration synthesis. what happens in this process?
Answers
in dehydration synthesis the water molecules formed from oxygen and hydrogen are removed.
A water molecule is released during the process of making larger molecules out of smaller monomers, which is known as dehydration synthesis. This can be used to make big biological compounds like carbohydrate polymers and triglycerides as well as synthetic polymers like polyethylene terephthalate (PET).The dehydration synthesis reaction is used in a wide range of biological or chemical activities. Examples include the conversion of monosaccharides like glucose into disaccharides like sucrose and the condensation of alcohol to produce ether
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A body was found with rigor mortis in only the large muscles of the body. The doctor who found the body told the investigator that rigor was just starting so the body had been dead for less than 2 hours. Based on your knowledge of forensics, do you agree or disagree with this evaluation? Support your claim with evidence.
Answers
According to the evaluation, It is essential to consider all the factors that could have affected the onset and progression of rigor mortis. So, the investigator should conduct a thorough forensic examination of the body to determine the exact time of death. This would ensure that the investigation is accurate and just, and the culprit can be brought to justice.
Forensics is a branch of science that deals with the application of scientific methods to solve legal problems. Forensic science is a powerful tool in solving crimes and determining the cause of death. One important aspect of forensic science is the study of rigor mortis, which is the stiffening of the body after death.
Based on the information provided, the doctor's evaluation that the body had been dead for less than two hours because rigor mortis was just starting in only the large muscles of the body may not be entirely accurate. Rigor mortis is a process that starts a few hours after death and lasts for about 24-48 hours. It starts in the small muscles of the face and neck and spreads to the larger muscles of the body. Therefore, it is possible that rigor mortis had not yet started in the small muscles of the face and neck, but had already started in the larger muscles of the body.
Additionally, the onset and progression of rigor mortis can be affected by several factors such as the ambient temperature, the body's position, and the individual's physical condition before death. For example, if the body was in a warm environment, rigor mortis could set in faster than in a cold environment. Similarly, if the body was in a relaxed position, rigor mortis could take longer to set in than if the body was in a contracted position.
Therefore, in this case, it is essential to consider all the factors that could have affected the onset and progression of rigor mortis before making a conclusive evaluation of the time of death. The investigator should conduct a thorough forensic examination of the body and collect other evidence, such as the environmental conditions and witness statements, to determine the exact time of death. This would ensure that the investigation is accurate and just, and the culprit can be brought to justice.
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why must the reaction mixture be cooled before water is added to precipitate the product?
Answers
Cooling the reaction mixture before adding water is done to prevent the mixture from boiling over and splattering.
During the reaction, the mixture may have been heated and generated a lot of heat. If water is added directly to the hot reaction mixture, it can cause rapid boiling and potentially lead to a dangerous situation.
Additionally, the product may be sensitive to high temperatures or heat shock, and rapid cooling can help prevent product degradation or decomposition. Therefore, it is important to cool the reaction mixture to a safe temperature before adding water to precipitate the product.
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an asrnout in space might fell weighless but there still gravitaional attraction between the astournout and earth . Which to factor affect this gravitanol attraction
Answers
Answer:
When dealing with the force of gravity between two objects, there are only two things that are important – mass, and distance. The force of gravity depends directly upon the masses of the two objects, and inversely on the square of the distance between them.
sam wanted to do a demonstration for her class. the directions called for kcl. there was not kcl in the stockroom. what would be the best choice to substitute in the reaction?
Answers
NaCl would be the best choice to substitute in the reaction
The transfer of electrons from one reactant to another occurs during an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction.
Numerous processes that you have already examined, such as single replacement, combustion, and combination, are redox processes. The loss of electrons is called oxidation. Gaining electrons is what reduction is. In the process, electrons are lost and gained simultaneously. For instance, when oxygen and elemental calcium react, calcium oxide is the result.
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According to Equation 1, the concentration of the polymer with respect to [HPO42–] is:
A) n[HPO42–].
B) n2[HPO42–].
C) (1/n)[HPO42–].
D) (1/n2)[HPO42–].
Answers
Equation 1 is a mathematical representation of the relationship between the concentration of a polymer and the concentration of a specific ion, HPO42–. The equation states that the concentration of the polymer with respect to HPO42– is (1/n2)[HPO42–]. The value of n in the equation refers to the degree of polymerization, which is the number of repeating units in the polymer chain.
The equation suggests that the concentration of the polymer is proportional to the concentration of HPO42–, but the relationship is not a simple one-to-one correspondence. Instead, the concentration of the polymer is related to the concentration of HPO42– by a factor of (1/n2), which reflects the complex interactions between the two species.
In practical terms, the equation can be used to predict the behavior of a polymer solution under different conditions, such as changes in pH or the presence of other ions. By understanding the relationship between the polymer and HPO42–, researchers can design new materials with specific properties and applications. Overall, Equation 1 provides a valuable tool for studying the behavior of polymers in solution and advancing our understanding of these complex materials.
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what is the entropy change of the reaction below at 298k and 1 atm pressure? n2(g) 3h2(g) ----> 2nh3(g) s(j/mol x k) 191.5 130.6 192.3
Answers
The entropy change of the reaction at 298K and 1 atm pressure is -198.7 J/K. This is calculated by subtracting the entropy of the reactants (191.5 + 130.6 = 322.1 J/K) from the entropy of the products (192.3 J/K), resulting in a change in entropy of -198.7 J/K.
The entropy change of a reaction is an important thermodynamic property that can be used to determine the spontaneity of a process. Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system, and a reaction's entropy change is the difference between the entropy of the reactants and the entropy of the products. Generally, an exothermic reaction (in which more energy is released than is required for activation) will have a negative entropy change, indicating a decrease in disorder.
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PLEASE HELP DUE IN 15!!!!!!!!!!!! WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!!
Question 17: 2C2H6 + 7O2 ---> 4CO2 + 6H20
How many moles of O2 are needed to completely react with 4.50 moles of C2H6 according to the above equation?
a. 5.8 moles
b. 3.11 moles
c. 1.29 moles
d. 63.0 moles
Answers
Explanation:
n=,4.5 moles C2H6
the ratio 2:7
4.5:x
x=15.75 moles
Research online to find out what the acidity of the rainfall is where you live. If you live in an area which is affected by acid rain, where do you think it is coming from and why?
Write 3-5 paragraphs describing the effects.
If you do not live an area effected by acid rain, choose another city that is effected by acid rain.
Answers
Answer & Explanation: Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are released into the air to create a chemical reaction. When the two mix in the air (oxygen), they will get into the water and mix with other pollutants in the air, making acid rain.
Answer:
What is acid rain? Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are released into the air to create a chemical reaction. When the two mix in the air (oxygen), they will get into the water and mix with other pollutants in the air, making acid rain.
What causes acid rain the most? It can be caused by useing nonrenewable resources. Which inclues coal, oil, ect.
What effects can acid rain have? It causes respiratory issues in animals and humans. When acid rain falls down and flows into the rivers and ponds it affects the aquatic ecosystem. It alters the chemical composition of the water, to a form which is actually harmful to the aquatic ecosystem to survive and causes water pollution which can harm our fresh water supply.
1. Cause and Effect What role did gravity play
in causing fusion reactions to occur between
hydrogen and helium?
Answers
Answer:
Gravity causes gas in space to come together and form stars. As the star becomes denser and denser, the pressure and temperature at its core become high enough to initiate nuclear fusion reactions, where hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium, releasing a huge amount of energy. This energy keeps the star hot and shining for millions or billions of years. Without gravity, nuclear fusion would not occur, and the universe as we know it would not exist.
Explanation:
Gravity played a crucial role in causing fusion reactions to occur between hydrogen and helium. In the early universe, after the Big Bang, there were only light elements such as hydrogen and helium, and gravity was the main force that brought these elements together to form stars. As a large amount of hydrogen gas began to accumulate in one area, the force of gravity caused the gas to contract and become denser and denser. As the density and temperature of the gas increased, the pressure in the core of the gas cloud became high enough to initiate nuclear fusion reactions.
During nuclear fusion, the extreme temperature and pressure in the star's core caused hydrogen atoms to fuse together to form helium. This fusion process released a huge amount of energy in the form of light and heat, which kept the star hot and shining for millions or even billions of years. Without the force of gravity to bring hydrogen atoms together, fusion reactions would not occur, and the formation of heavier elements, including those necessary for life, would not be possible. Therefore, gravity is the cause that initiated the fusion reactions, leading to the formation of heavier elements and eventually the complex universe we observe today.
Is oil and water
(shown by the close-up in this image) a solution?
no
yes
Answers
Answer:
no
Explanation:
Because they sit on top of each other.
4. Write down the differentiate between a. Atom and molecules
Answers
Answer:
Atoms are single neutral particles. Molecules are neutral particles made of two or more atoms bonded together.
Explanation:
Atom refers to the smallest constituent unit of a chemical element. Molecules refer to a group of two or more atoms that are held together due to chemical bonds.
Answer: Atoms are single neutral particles while molecules are neutral particles made of two or more atoms bonded together
Which equation has x = 5 as the solution?
2x = 5
2x = 5
x - 10 = 15
x - 10 = 15
x + 15 =10
x + 15 =10
2x = 10
Answers
Answer:
x-10 should be the answer
Explain how the earth recycles and reuses it's own crust (Make it a paragraph)
Answers
Answer:
The interaction between the tectonic and the hydrologic systems causes constant recycling of the materials of the Earth's crust. Rocks are heated, metamorphosed, melted, weathered, sediment is transported, deposited and lithified, then it may be metamorphosed again in yet another cycle.
Explanation:
a neutral atom in the ground state of vanadium has its outer most valence electron in which orbital?
Answers
A neutral atom of vanadium in its ground state has 23 electrons, and its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3.
The outermost valence electron of vanadium is located in the 4s orbital, which has a maximum capacity of 2 electrons. This means that vanadium has only one valence electron in the 4s orbital, and it is available for bonding with other atoms. Vanadium is a transition metal that exhibits variable oxidation states, which means that it can lose or gain electrons from its valence shell. Understanding the location of valence electrons is important in predicting the chemical properties of elements and their reactivity with other substances.
A neutral atom in the ground state of vanadium has its outermost valence electron in the 3d orbital. Vanadium has an atomic number of 23, which means it has 23 electrons. Its electron configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d³. The outermost valence electrons are found in the highest energy level, which is the fourth shell, with the 4s² and 3d³ electrons. Since the 3d orbital has higher energy than the 4s orbital, the last electron added to the atom will be in the 3d orbital.
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i really need help with this
Answers
Answer:
the process shown here is endocytosis.
Explanation:
endocytosis is a process of taking something inside the cell..
Corn lacks the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine. Beans lack the essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine. Soy contains all the essential amino acids. Use this information to complete the following statement: Many traditional diets combine corn (e.g., tortillas) with beans to provide ________.
Answers
Many traditional diets combine corn (e.g., tortillas) with beans to provide a complete and balanced set of essential amino acids.
Corn lacks the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine, while beans lack tryptophan and methionine. However, soy is a plant-based protein source that contains all the essential amino acids. By combining corn and beans in a meal, individuals can complement the amino acid profiles of each food. The amino acids missing in one food are provided by the other, resulting in a more complete and balanced protein intake. This combination is often referred to as "complementary protein" or "protein complementation." Traditional diets that include corn-based staples like tortillas along with beans help ensure a sufficient intake of all the essential amino acids, promoting overall nutritional balance.
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what is the hazardous substance in automobile exhaust that is also present in high concentrations in tobacco smoke?
Answers
The hazardous substance in automobile exhaust that is also present in high concentration in tobacco smoke is acrolein.
Substance that tobacco smoke and the exhaust of automobiles contains a has it is substance called acrolein in very very high concentration.
Inhaling acrolein can give rise to several breathing problems like shortness in breathing and also irritation in lungs.
Acrolein is formed when the fats are overheated apart from automobiles and tobacco a very low amount of acrolein is also found in over used cooking oil.
To reduce acrolein from the automobile exhaust lead based adsorption substances are preferred to be used in automobile exhaust.
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