Briefly describe the principle behind agarose gel electrophoresis with reference to the pore sizes. Indicate the percentage gel used to separate the digested fragments and provide a reason (s) as to why this % gel was selected.
Answers
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a process that separates macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins by size.
This separation is based on the principle that the pore sizes present in the gel matrix determine the size of macromolecules that can migrate through the gel. The principle behind agarose gel electrophoresis with reference to pore sizes is that the pore size decreases with increasing agarose concentration of the gel. The percentage of the gel used to separate digested fragments is typically between 0.7% and 2%.
This range of agarose concentration is appropriate for separating nucleic acid fragments between 200 bp and 20 kbp in size, depending on the size of the desired separation range. If you need to separate large DNA fragments, you will need to use a lower percentage of agarose in your gel. Conversely, if you need to separate small DNA fragments, you will need to use a higher percentage of agarose in your gel.
In addition, selecting the appropriate percentage of agarose gel for DNA electrophoresis depends on the size of the DNA fragments being separated. A 1% agarose gel is typically used for separating fragments in the range of 500 bp to 10 kbp. However, a 2% agarose gel is generally used to separate fragments in the range of 200 bp to 1 kbp.
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Related Questions
What keeps the airways clear?
A. Spiracles near airway openings.
B. Pleural fluid in the thoracic cavity.
C. Mucin secreted by goblet cells in the bronchus.
D. Passage through squamous epithelial cells.
abc or d with a simple explanation
pls be sure of ur answer
Answers
What keeps the airways clear are the Spirals near the airway openings.
A. Spirals near airway openings.What keeps your airways open?The walls of the trachea (TRAY-kee-uh) are reinforced by rigid rings of cartilage to keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluid and foreign particles out of the airways so they stay out of the lungs.
What is trachea?The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx. The trachea is formed by a number of horseshoe-shaped rings, joined together vertically by overlying ligaments, and by the trachealis muscle at their ends. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing.
With this information, we can conclude that With this information, we can conclude that the correct answer is A. Spirals near airway openings
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2. How might this population suddenly increase? How might this affect the ecosystem?
(artic fox / artic tundra)
Answers
Answer:
it can suddenly increase when more and more people have babies and the infant rate goes up. and how it might affect the ecosystem is the pollution that people give off.
Help! Which statement is true about the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors?
Responses
Biotic factors function independently of abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
Abiotic factors determine the composition of biotic factors in an ecosystem.
Biotic factors aren't necessary for abiotic factors to create an ecosystem.
Abiotic factors are all directly created by biotic factors in an ecosystem.
Answers
Explanation:
Where the biotic components (plants) of an ecosystem use the abiotic components( sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, etc.) to produce chemical energy to survive.The true statement about the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors is: Abiotic factors determine the composition of biotic factors in an ecosystem. The correct option is B.
What are biotic and abiotic factors?Biotic factors refer to living things in an ecosystem. These include animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria, among others. Abiotic factors, on the other hand, refer to non-living things that affect the environment. These include sunlight, temperature, water, soil, and air.
Biotic and abiotic factors are interconnected, meaning that they influence each other. Abiotic factors affect the behavior, growth, and distribution of biotic factors. Biotic factors also affect abiotic factors. For example, sunlight is an abiotic factor that is important for plant growth.
Plants are biotic factors that produce oxygen, which is an abiotic factor that animals need for respiration. Therefore, the composition of biotic factors in an ecosystem is determined by the abiotic factors present.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Consider two molecules that associate with each other through hydrogen bonds. how tightly will the two molecules bind as the equilibrium constant, k, becomes larger for this association?
Answers
The molecules are held together by strong hydrogen bonds resulting in a strong binding between them. Therefore, when k increases for two molecules that associate with each other through hydrogen bonds, the two molecules will bind more tightly.
When the equilibrium constant, k, becomes larger for two molecules that associate with each other through hydrogen bonds, the two molecules will bind more tightly.Equilibrium constant (K) is a measure of the strength of the bonds between molecules.
When K is large, this implies that the forward reaction is favored, meaning the formation of hydrogen bonds is highly favorable. In such cases, hydrogen bonds are the strongest type of intermolecular force and they can form a large number of these bonds.
The molecules are held together by strong hydrogen bonds resulting in a strong binding between them.
Therefore, when k increases for two molecules that associate with each other through hydrogen bonds, the two molecules will bind more tightly.
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Can eukaryotic cells have Cell wall and flagellum? Explain 30 words at least!!!
Will mark brainliest
Answers
Answer:
Some eukaryotic cells use flagella for locomotion; however, eukaryotic flagella are structurally distinct from those found in prokaryotic cells.
Is a rat a primary consumer?
Answers
Answer:
Yes, a rat is considered a primary consumer. Primary consumers, also known as herbivores, are animals that eat plants as their main source of food. Rats are known to consume a variety of plant material, including seeds, fruits, and vegetables. In addition, rats are known to eat insects, which are also primary consumers, since they feed on plants. Therefore, as a consumer that feeds mainly on plant material, a rat can be classified as a primary consumer in a food chain or food web.
Help! What is the name of the property of the DNA that describes the direction of the DNA strands?
Answers
Answer:
Anti-parallel strands
Explanation:
PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE HELP ME WITH THIS!! ONCE I FIGURE OUT HOW I'LL MARK BRAINLIEST (or however you spell it)!!
Answers
Answer:
1st segment: 3rd answer choice
2nd segment: 1st answer choice
3rd segment: 4th answer choice
4th segment: 2nd answer choice
5th segment: 5th answer choice
The drinking of alcohol beverages by a pregnant woman is harmful to the development of her fetus. This is most damaging early in a pregnancy because during this time
Answers
Answer:
The drinking of alcoholic beverages by a pregnant woman is harmful to the development of her fetus. This is most damaging early in pregnancy because during this time because many of the essential organs of the fetus are forming.
Explanation:
Most of the essential organs and structures of a fetus are formed in the first 9 weeks of gestation.
Answer:
the fetus's liver is not developed enough to process alcohol, if it has developed a liver at all at that point in the pregnancy cycle. So what happens is the baby can develop something called fetal alcohol syndrome, where the alcohol consumption of the mother begins to affect the growth and development of the fetus.
Explanation:
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8.In the medium substrate environment,the enzyme could break apart 100 substrates quickly or slowly.
9.In the high substrate environment,would the enzymes work faster or slower or at the same speed as the medium substrate environment to break apart 100 substrates.
10.If the substrate totally changed shape,would the same enzyme be able to break apart 100 substrates? Yes or No.
11.Explain your reasoning supporting your answer in question 10.
Answers
In a high substrate environment, the enzymes would work faster than in a medium substrate environment to break apart 100 substrates. This is because when there are more substrates available, the enzymes have a higher chance of encountering and reacting with them, which leads to a higher reaction rate.
In the high substrate environment,would the enzymes work faster or slower?No, the same enzyme may not be able to break apart 100 substrates if the substrate changes shape.
Enzymes are highly specific in their action and can only bind to and react with specific substrates that fit their active site's shape. If the substrate changes shape, it may no longer fit the enzyme's active site, making it impossible for the enzyme to catalyze the reaction.
Therefore, the enzyme would not be able to break apart 100 substrates that are different in shape from the original substrate.
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Answer:faster
Explanation:
finds more substrates
QUESTION 5
(05.04 LC)
Match the term to its description. (4 points)
-
Prominences
-
Solar flares
-
Sunspots
-
Convection
A.
Brief eruptions of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface
B.
The rise of hotter, less dense fluid and the sinking of cooler, denser fluid
C.
Streams of glowing gas that shoot out from the sun in an arch
D.
Dark spots appearing from time to time on the sun's surface
Answers
Answer:
Brief eruptions of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface
-
Solar flares
The rise of hotter, less dense fluid and the sinking of cooler, denser fluid
-
Convection
Streams of glowing gas that shoot out from the sun in an arch are
Prominences
Dark spots appearing from time to time on the sun's surface
-
Sunspots
pls help will give brainliest
Answers
A local area resident recently found an injured fox on her property which type of veterinary care professional is best suited to the care of the fox
Answers
Wildlife protectors are the type of veterinary care professional is best suited to the care of the fox.
What is Wildlife protection?This involves the process of protecting the plants and animal species and their habitats. This is usually done to prevent extinction due to overexploitation of animals.
Fox are wild animals which are handled by wildlife protection professional who are specially trained to handle them and ensure they are in the best shape.
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¿Qué opinas sobre la problemática del agua en el Perú y el mundo? Cómo ciudadano responsable ¿Qué acciones estas realizando para valorar este recurso?
Answers
El agua es un elemento relativamente escaso y por lo tanto debe ser cuidadosamente utilizado. En América Latina la distribución de las precipitaciones hace que la disponibilidad de este recurso sea desigual dentro de la región, siendo por lo tanto especialmente importante cuidarlo a fin de evitar el agravamiento de la escasez de agua potable.
El agua es fundamental para la vida ya que este elemento cumple muchas funciones dentro de los sistemas biológicos las cuales incluyen, entre otras:es un sustrato imprescindible de muchas reacciones químicas que se producen dentro de la célulaayuda a la digestión de alimentosmantiene la temperatura corporal dentro del rango aceptable para la vida, etc.El agua potable (apta para consumo) es también fundamental para evitar la aparición y propagación de enfermedades tales como diarrea, cólera, fiebre tifoidea, poliomielitis, etc.De acuerdo al Informe Anual del Servicio de Aguas de Lima, aproximadamente el 93% de la población peruana posee servicio de agua potable.América Latina posee aproximadamente el 25-30% de los recursos hídricos del planeta; sin embargo, su distribución dentro de la región es desigual, con áreas totalmente desertificadas y otras que actualmente sufren inundaciones periódicas. Esta situación se encuentra agravada por las consecuencias del cambio climático, las cuales generan una mayor inestabilidad en la distribución y estacionalidad de las precipitaciones.El cuidado de la cantidad y calidad del agua disponible es fundamental para mantener la biodiversidad de las especies alrededor del planeta y asegurar nuestra salud, como así también para garantizar la vida de las generaciones venideras.La ONU (Organización de Naciones Unidas) posee un programa cuyo objetivo principal es reforzar la coordinación entre diferentes países y así lograr el acceso generalizado de las poblaciones al agua potable, como así también lograr su uso responsable.Algunos tips útiles relacionados al cuidado del agua son:Cerrar la canilla al lavar utensilios de cocinaEvitar la pérdida constante de agua en la grifería del hogarEvitar el uso excesivo de agua al ducharseCerrar la canilla al lavarse los dientesAprende más sobre este tema en:
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The embryonic period is the second period of prenatal development and extends from the third week through the eighth week. Select one: True False
Answers
True.
The embryonic period is the second period of prenatal development and extends from the third week through the eighth week.
What is embryonic period?Your kid goes through a phase of rapid change after conception known as the embryonic stage. From the fifth through the tenth week of pregnancy, this phase lasts. The infant is referred to as an embryo at this point. The embryonic stage is when a lot of changes take place.
What happens during embryonic stage?The heart starts to beat and the organs develop and start to work during the embryonic period.
Why is embryonic stage important?The brain develops during the embryonic period, which is crucial.
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What's the sequence of a single complete engine cycle?
Answers
Explanation:
An internal-combustion engine goes through four strokes: intake, compression, combustion (power), and exhaust. As the piston moves during each stroke, it turns the crankshaft.
example of a microhabitat in the mountains.
Answers
A microhabitat in the mountains could refer to a small area where certain conditions are favorable for a particular species of wildlife to live.
For example, a rocky outcropping in the mountains could provide shelter and food for a colony of squirrels or a patch of trees could provide a safe haven for a family of birds. The microhabitat may be rich in resources, such as food, water, and shelter, and also be surrounded by other mountain features, such as rivers, cliffs, and vegetation.Microhabitats can be found in many places, such as the underside of a boulder in a stream or an overturned rotting wood. A habitat and a microhabitat both contain conventional abiotic (such as water, temperature, and light) and biotic (such as plant, animal, and fungal) elements.
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The hollow collection of undifferentiated cells that occurs after fertilization and initial mitosis is called a A. morula. B. blastocyst. C. fetus. D. placenta.
Answers
Answer: The hollow collection of undifferentiated cells that occurs after fertilization and initial mitosis is called a blastocyst.
The hollow collection of undifferentiated cells that occurs after fertilization and initial mitosis is called a blastocyst. The correct option is B.
What is a blastocyst?In a mammalian blastula in which some cell differentiation has occurred, A healthily developed embryo will have six to ten cells three days after fertilization.
The fertilized egg is known as a blastocyst — a rapidly dividing ball of cells — by the fifth or sixth day. The embryo will be formed by the inner group of cells. The outer group will develop into the cells that feed and protect it.
Approximately 5 or 6 days after conception, the embryo enters the uterine cavity. It is a blastocyst, or an embryo made up of around a hundred cells, at this point. A blastocyst forms in a laboratory culture system during an IVF session.
Therefore, the correct option is B. blastocyst.
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nsjkcccccsncdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjcnndhhhhhhdsallllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllldccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
Answers
Answer:
any problem with anthing??
they go upwards when photosynthesis doesn’t occur (winter) to provide nutrients and cellular energy to parts like the leaves
Which endocrine gland would provide a burst of energy to a person moving out of
the way of a speeding bicycle?
(A) adrenal
(B) parathyroid
(C) pituitary
(D) thyroid
Answers
Answer:
the correct answer would be D
Explanation:
The endocrine gland that would provide a burst of energy to a person moving out of the way of a speeding bicycle is the adrenal gland, which is in Option A, as the adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney.
What is the adrenal gland?The adrenal gland is an endocrine gland located on top of each kidney. It is divided into two parts: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex produces hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones, which are involved in a variety of processes in the body, including metabolism and salt and water balance. The adrenal medulla produces hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are involved in the "fight or flight" response.
Hence, the endocrine gland that would provide a burst of energy to a person moving out of the way of a speeding bicycle is the adrenal gland, which is in Option A.
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which of the following best descirbes the highlands of the moon
Answers
Answer:
They are brighter and older regions.
Explanation:
The lunar highlands represent the ancient lunar crust that has been gardened extensively by meteoritic bombardment, particularly during the early period of intense bombardment around 3.9 Ga ago, resulting in extensive brecciation.
Hope it helps:)
Help or else I lose my mind
Answers
Answer: Dependant would be how high it goes up. The control would be the height as Jonas wants to know if a different rubber band would make the rocket fly higher.
The last controlled values are the rubber band and how high the rocket goes.
Explanation: I can’t do the graph as I need a bigger photo of it.
The mitochondria has many folded internal membranes called cristae, these are where ATP is generated. What is the benefit of having these membranes?
Answers
Answer:
<3
Explanation:
To increase the capacity of the mitochondrion to synthesize ATP, the inner membrane is folded to form cristae. These folds allow a much greater amount of electron transport chain enzymes and ATP synthase to be packed into the mitochondrion.
Fill out the data table below with the range of each factor that will produce the optimal number of oxygen bubbles.
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Mitochondrion definition
Answers
Answer:
an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
Explanation:
which step of scientific inquiry involves testing the hypothesis and collecting data?
Answers
The answer for this question would be letter A. Experimentation takes in by experimenting with your hypothesis, knowing what will happen and then gathering data from the outcome of the experiment. For your data, you create your analysis of what had happened then conclude.
The tiny structures that are made INSIDE of a cell and connect to create
our traits are called
*
Answers
Answer:
Genes
Explanation:
Can single cell organism be fungi or something else?
Answers
Answer: Fungi can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms.
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t cells with dysfunctional mitochondria induce multimorbidity and premature senescence. desdín-micó g, soto-heredero g, aranda jf, oller j, carrasco e, gabandé-rodríguez e, blanco em, alfranca a, cussó l, desco m, ibañez b, gortazar ar, fernández-marcos p, navarro mn, hernaez b, alcamí a, baixauli f, mittelbrunn m. science. 2020 jun 19;368(6497):1371-1376.
Answers
The study titled "T cells with dysfunctional mitochondria induce multimorbidity and premature senescence" by Desdín-Micó et al.
(2020) published in Science, explores the role of dysfunctional mitochondria in T cells and its implications on multimorbidity and premature senescence. The study found that T cells with dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to the development of multiple chronic diseases and aging-related processes.
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because their primary function is to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called cellular respiration.
This suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction in T cells may play a significant role in the overall health and aging of individuals.
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if the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid palmitate is oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and water (viathe b-oxidation pathway and the citric acid cycle), and all of the energy-conserving products are usedto drive atp synthesis in the mitochondrion, the net yield of atp per molecule of palmitate is:
Answers
The net yield of ATP per molecule of palmitate that is completely oxidized via the beta-oxidation pathway and the citric acid cycle is 129 ATP molecules.
This is because each round of beta-oxidation produces one molecule of acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle and produces 3 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of FADH2, and 1 molecule of GTP (which can be converted to ATP).
Each NADH molecule generates 2.5 ATP molecules during oxidative phosphorylation, while each FADH2 generates 1.5 ATP molecules.
Therefore, the total ATP yield from one molecule of palmitate is calculated as follows:
(7 rounds of beta-oxidation x 8 ATP) + (8 acetyl-CoA x 12 ATP) + (21 NADH x 2.5 ATP) + (7 FADH2 x 1.5 ATP) + (1 GTP x 1 ATP) = 129 ATP.
Hence, The net yield of ATP per molecule of palmitate that is completely oxidized via the beta-oxidation pathway and the citric acid cycle is 129 ATP molecules.
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