A flagellum is able to bend due to being made of ______________ that can bend by sliding past one another under the influence of the motor protein _____________
Answers
A flagellum is able to bend due to being made of microtubules that can bend by sliding past one another under the influence of the motor protein dynein.
A flagellum is a whip-like structure used for movement in some cells. It is a long, thin, whiplike appendage found on certain cell types. A flagellum is used by some cells to propel themselves through fluid environments such as water or mucous.
Dynein is a microtubule-associated motor protein that plays a critical role in numerous cellular processes, including vesicle transport, spindle organization, and chromosome movement during mitosis and meiosis.Dynein is a type of motor protein that moves along microtubules in cells, transporting cargo.
Dynein, like other members of the kinesin superfamily, has two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. The dynein heavy chain has a globular head that binds microtubules and ATP and a long tail that binds other proteins and organelles.
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Related Questions
Which of the four factors that affect evolution apply to the finches that the Grants studied? Use evidence from your research to support your answer.
Answers
Answer:
The four factors that affect evolution are mutations, natural selection, genetic drift and the gene flow, In the case, if the ground finches that Grants studied, we can observe the working of the natural selection. Due to change in the conditions in the environment, the large beak was an advantageous trait that was favored by the natural selection. The result of this process was an increase in numbers of large beaked finches and decrease in small-beaked finches compared to the initial numbers in the population.
Explanation:
Factors that affect evolution.
As per the question the evolution is a gradual process that includes the changes in the body of the organisms thereby making them more stronger and dynamic than others. The 4 features that affect evolution are mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
The answer is thus are a major factor that leads to evolution in specie.
As per the case, Grants studied his works of natural selection. As per the changes associated with the environment, the large beak was an advantageous trait that was favored by natural selection. This leads to the increase in the size of the finches and the decline of other properties. Such a beak size, color, and even behavior. Hence the four-factor to consider are genetic drift, natural selection, adaptation and mutation (evolution).Learn more about the four factors.
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HELP PLEASE I GIVE BRAINLIEST!
Answers
7. The phenotypes are as follows;
There are 9 out of 16 (9/16) offspring with grey fur (Gg or gg) and black eyes (bb).There are 3 out of 16 (3/16) offspring with grey fur (Gg or gg) and red eyes (Bb).There are 3 out of 16 (3/16) offspring with white fur (gg) and black eyes (bb).There is 1 out of 16 (1/16) offspring with white fur (gg) and red eyes (Bb).1. In pea plants, purple flowers are dominant to white.
PP = purple
Pp = purple
pp= white
2. In guinea pigs, short hair is dominant to long hair.
HH = short hair
Hh = short hair
hh = long hair
3. In guinea pigs, black eyes are dominant to red eyes. Choose a letter combination for each phenotype.
BB = black eyes
Bb = black eyes
bb = red eyes
4. 2 guinea pigs will have black eyes and 2 guinea pigs will have red eyes
5. bb x BB
4 guinea pigs will have black eyes and 0 guinea pigs will have red eyes
What is the phenotype of the offspring?To determine the phenotypes and proportions of the offspring, we need to consider the possible combinations of alleles from the parents.
The Punnett square is filled as follows:
Gb Gb Gb Gb
gB GgBb GgBb GgBb GgBb
gB GgBb GgBb GgBb GgBb
gb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb
gb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb
The phenotypes and proportions in the offspring will be:
Grey fur and black eyes:
There are 9 out of 16 (9/16) offspring with grey fur (Gg or gg) and black eyes (bb).
Grey fur and red eyes:
There are 3 out of 16 (3/16) offspring with grey fur (Gg or gg) and red eyes (Bb).
White fur and black eyes:
There are 3 out of 16 (3/16) offspring with white fur (gg) and black eyes (bb).
White fur and red eyes:
There is 1 out of 16 (1/16) offspring with white fur (gg) and red eyes (Bb).
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Liam and Melinda have completed one trial testing the freezing point of several solutions, but they cannot agree on what to do next in their experiment.
Answers
Answer: repetition, completing more trials for each solution
Explanation:
as the enzyme trypsin cuts peptide chains mainly at the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine are these side chains consistent with their role in specificity?
Answers
The aromatic amino acids include phenylalanine (which has a phenyl group) and tyrosine, according to the list of amino acids (with a phenolic group).
Chymotrypsin's pocket has a preference for aromatic amino acids or amino acids with large hydrophobic chain .There are no amino acids among the remainder with large hydrophobic side chains. Although it possesses a 3-carbon side chain, the guanidino group in arginine makes it hydrophilic rather than a bulky hydrophobic R-group. Although alanine is hydrophobic, it is not bulky since its R-group solely consists of the methyl (-CH3) group. Neither hydrophobic nor aromatic, aspartate is neither. Finally, glycine is really straightforward; it just possesses a -H R-group. Proteases that behave like trypsin and break peptide bonds after positively charged amino acids (Lysine or Argenine)
Protease that is similar to elastase and has a significantly smaller S1 cleft than proteases that are similar to trypsin or chymotrypsin.
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Please help!
Some species of plants maintain a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live in nodules on the plant's roots. Which is a likely function of such bacteria that would benefit the plant?
A) phosphorus fixation
B ) nitrogen fixation
C) aerobic respiration
D) photosynthesis
Answers
Answer:
Why is Scientific argumentation important
Answers
Scientific argumentation is important as it helps determine whether there is enough evidence to support a claim. So the correct option C.
What is a scientific argumemtation?The kind of discussion between scientists where they disagree about scientific claims using arguments or claims based on their own knowledge is called scientific argumentation.
The ultimate aim of this practice is to improve the explanations and experimental designs of other scientists so that their claims are refined and without any errors.
This practice also determines whether the evidence presented to support a scientific claim is sufficient or not.
Therefore the correct option is C.
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Lab Report
Answers
Answer:
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as you, me, plants, fungi, and insects. Bacteria are an example of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.
There are several key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are found in multicellular plants and animals, whereas prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and archaea which are ususlly unicellular. I have summarised the key differences below:
Prokayotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, instead they have circular DNA that is free in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall. Their cell wall is made from a different material to a plant cell, a glycoprotein called murein.
Prokaryotic cells may also have a protective layer called a capsule, flagellum to aid in movement and one or more plasmids.
Explanation:
what is a section of a chromosome that contains instructions for building proteins?a) mrna b)rrna c) dna d) polymerasegene
Answers
The section of a chromosome that contains instructions for building proteins is called c) DNA.
DNA is the blueprint for producing proteins in cells. A gene is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for making a particular protein or RNA molecule. During transcription, the DNA sequence is converted into a complementary RNA sequence, which is then used as a template for building the protein. The genetic code determines which amino acids will be used to make the protein, and this code is carried by the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA. The information contained in the DNA sequence is essential for the survival and function of the cell, and changes to the sequence can cause genetic disorders or diseases. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of DNA is crucial for understanding basic biological processes and developing new treatments for genetic diseases.
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Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is industrially produced as a replacement for fossil fuels. Yeasts, which generate ethanol as a by-product of anaerobic fermentation, are typically used to produce ethanol.
Researchers investigated ways to improve an ethanol production process. The researchers compared the ethanol production rate of a newly-identified strain of yeast, called strain X, to that of a commonly used yeast, strain Y, at several temperatures. Their results are shown in the table below.
Which conclusion does this data best support?
A.
Ethanol production can be maximized by increasing the temperature above 35°C for most strains of yeast.
B.
Anaerobic respiration rates can be increased by heating, but the temperature that maximizes respiration depends on the type of yeast.
C.
Ethanol production can be increased by heating, but only when heating occurs over the temperature range of 30°C to 40°C.
D.
Anaerobic respiration rates in yeasts only depend on the temperature at which the yeasts are maintained.
Answers
The data best supports conclusion B, which states that anaerobic respiration rates can be increased by heating, but the temperature that maximizes respiration depends on the type of yeast. This is because the table shows that both strain X and strain Y had different optimal temperatures for ethanol production. Strain X produced the most ethanol at 35°C, while strain Y produced the most ethanol at 30°C. This suggests that the temperature that maximizes ethanol production is dependent on the specific strain of yeast being used. Therefore, the researchers' data supports the conclusion that the temperature that maximizes anaerobic respiration rates in yeasts depends on the type of yeast.
B. Anaerobic respiration rates can be increased by heating, but the temperature that maximizes respiration depends on the type of yeast.
This conclusion is best supported by the data because it accounts for the different ethanol production rates of strain X and strain Y at various temperatures. It acknowledges that the optimal temperature for ethanol production varies depending on the yeast strain used, rather than assuming a universal temperature range or only focusing on temperature as the determining factor.
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Can u answer the quest
Answers
Answer:
but I don't see a quest in this question
what is the genotype of parent 2?
Answers
Answer:
Scientists use the term genotype to refer to the combination of mother and father genes in the person's make up. AA, AO and OO are the 3 genotypes that may result from the mating of the parents in the example above. Scientists use the term phenotype to refer to what gene is actually expressedWhy are receptors for steroid hormones located inside the cell instead of being on the cell membrane?.
Answers
What are steroid hormones?
Any of a set of hormones known as steroids, which are produced by the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries, as well as the placenta during pregnancy, are referred to as steroid hormones. Cholesterol is the source of all steroid hormones. They are delivered by the bloodstream to the cells of different target organs where they control a vast variety of physiological processes.These hormones are frequently categorized based on the organs that make them. For example, the adrenal steroids are so named because the adrenal cortex secretes them, and the sex hormones are those that are created by the ovaries and testes.However, less frequently, the adrenal cortex also secretes sex hormones, therefore this differentiation is not exclusive.
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A
IA
-D
B
Substrate
Product
Progress of Reaction
Im confused
Answers
Answer:
B) Substrate
A) Transition state
C) Activation energy without enzyme
D) activation energy with enzyme
THANK YOU
Please help !! 100pts
1.
Which of the following best summarizes why the technological invention of microscopes was important to biology?
It created public interest and support for research.
It created a means of funding for cell research.
It allowed for development of the cell theory.
It proved that cells could form spontaneously.
2.
Which of the following best compares the structures found in plant cells and animal cells?
Plant cells have rigid cell walls and do not contain mitochondria or ribosomes while animal cells do.
Plant cells contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and a Golgi apparatus while animal cells contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by lysosomes.
Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls, or a large central vacuole while plant cells do.
Animal cells contain cell walls and a large central vacuole while plant cells contain cell membranes and many small vacuoles.
3.
Which equation describes what happens in photosynthesis?
CO2 + O2 + H20 + energy → CH2O5
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
C6H12O6 + H20 → CO2 + energy
4.
Early elements of the cell theory followed soon after the development of Hooke’s light microscope. What does this relationship suggest about the evolution of the cell theory since Hooke?
Progress on the cell theory was delayed by a lack of technological progress.
Scientists needed to focus less on cells and more on microscope development.
Isolated scientists contributed pieces of the cell theory to form the whole.
Improvements in technology are closely related to changes in the cell theory.
5.
Oxygen is a product of photosynthesis. The primary role of this oxygen in cellular respiration is to
combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.
combine with carbon, forming CO2.
yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain.
act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.
6.
Some proteins catalyze biochemical reactions. If a genetic defect prevented a protein catalyst from being produced, which of the following do you predict would happen in the cell?
The reverse reaction of the one the protein catalyzes would begin to proceed.
The reaction the protein catalyzes would only occur in some places in the cell.
The cell would find a different type of protein to catalyze the reaction.
The reaction the protein catalyzes would proceed very slowly or not at all.
7.
Which statement best compares a eukaryote and a prokaryote?
Eukaryotes use active transport to move substances across the cell membrane, while prokaryotes use facilitated diffusion.
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes have few specialized structures.
Eukaryotes use flagella to move themselves through substances, while prokaryotes are not able to move.
Eukaryotes have a cell wall, while prokaryotes have a cell membrane.
8.
What are the reactants for cellular respiration?
H2O and O2
Glucose and O2
Glucose and CO2
H2O and CO2
9.
Which of the following best compares the membranes found in different types of cells?
Animal cells have cell membranes and cell walls, but plant cells do not have cell membranes.
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have cell membranes, but eukaryotes also have membrane-¬‐bound organelles.
Animal cells have membrane-¬‐bound organelles, while plant cells carry out the functions necessary for life in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotes have only cell membranes, while eukaryotes have both cell walls and cell membranes.
10.
Which of the following characteristics defines a cell as a eukaryote?
Having ribosomes
Being able to move
Having a nucleus
Being able to reproduce
11.
Water has a much higher specific heat than most other covalent compounds. What do you predict might happen if water had a low specific heat instead?
Harmful organisms living in water would reproduce at a rapid rate.
Organisms that are sensitive to changes in temperature would die.
Flooding would occur and animals would be forced to migrate.
Plants would not have enough water to effectively carry out photosynthesis.
12.
Which of the following best describes a result of the polar nature of water molecules?
Ionic compounds dissolve easily in water.
The volume of water decreases by nearly half when it is frozen.
Water molecules repel each other.
Water molecules repel most other substances.
Answers
Explanation:
1. It allowed for development of the cell theory.
2. Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls, or a large central vacuole while plant cells do.
3. 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
4. Improvements in technology are closely related to changes in the cell theory.
5. Yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain.
6. The reaction the protein catalyzes would only occur in some places in the cell.
7. Eukaryotes have a cell wall, while prokaryotes have a cell membrane.
8. Glucose and O2
9. Animal cells have cell membranes and cell walls, but plant cells do not have cell membranes.
10.Having a nucleus
11. Plants would not have enough water to effectively carry out photosynthesis.
12. Ionic compounds dissolve easily in water.
I hope this helps!
relate dalton’s and henry’s laws to events of external and internal respiration.
Answers
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas. Henry's law of solubility states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in the air.
These two laws are important for understanding the events of external and internal respiration.
External respiration is the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood. The air that we breathe in contains approximately 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen. The partial pressure of oxygen in the air is therefore 21% of the total pressure, or 160 mmHg. The partial pressure of nitrogen in the air is 78% of the total pressure, or 600 mmHg.
When we breathe in, the air enters the alveoli, which are small sacs in the lungs. The alveoli are lined with a thin layer of cells that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse across the membrane.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues. The blood that leaves the lungs is rich in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. The tissues, on the other hand, are low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is therefore higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues, so oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissues. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissues is higher than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood.
Dalton's law of partial pressures explains why oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood and why carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
Henry's law of solubility explains why oxygen and carbon dioxide can dissolve in the blood. The amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in the air.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, so more oxygen dissolves in the blood. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli, so more carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood.
Dalton's law of partial pressures and Henry's law of solubility are two important laws that help us to understand the events of external and internal respiration.
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Please describe this picture using directional terminology, body planes and body movements.
Answers
The human body is a complex organism and understanding its structure and functions requires a thorough knowledge of directional terminology, body planes, and body movements. In this image, we can see a person performing a side plank exercise which is an effective core-strengthening exercise.
We can also use directional terminology to describe the person's movements. The person is performing a lateral flexion to the side while maintaining an isometric contraction of the core muscles. The movement involves the transverse axis of the body, which runs from front to back, perpendicular to the frontal plane.
In conclusion, this picture shows a person performing a side plank exercise, positioned on the frontal plane and performing a lateral flexion movement. The person is using their core muscles to maintain the position while one arm is supporting their weight and the other arm is extended towards the ceiling.
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_____ is the primary source of direct energy ("energy currency") for cells.
Answers
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary source of direct energy ("energy currency") for cells.
The primary source of direct energy, also known as the "energy currency" for cells, is a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a complex molecule composed of three phosphate groups, a sugar molecule called ribose, and a nitrogen-containing base called adenine.
ATP is produced through cellular respiration, a process that occurs in the mitochondria of cells. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in a series of chemical reactions to produce ATP. This process involves the transfer of electrons through a series of enzymes and carrier molecules, which ultimately drives the production of ATP.
ATP is used by cells for a wide range of functions, including muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and active transport of molecules across cell membranes. When ATP is used by cells, it is hydrolyzed to release energy, which is used to drive these cellular processes.
Overall, ATP is a critical component of cellular metabolism and is essential for the survival and function of all living cells.
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1. Which of the following is a mitochondrion?
A
B
C
D
O A Structure A
O B. Structure B
O C. Structure C
OD Structure D
Answers
The mitochondrion is shown is - option B. Structure B, can be identified by its characteristic features.
A mitochondrion is an oval-shaped membrane-bound organelle present in the cells of almost all eukaryotic organisms. It is known as the powerhouse of the cell as it produces energy in form of ATP, for the cell through cellular respiration.
It can be identified as bean shape or bread-like oval shape organelleit has two membranes outer membrane and the inner membrane is thrown into various types of folds called cristae is a distinguishable feature.these folds are tubular in plant cells and plate-like in animal and fungal cells.The inner membrane bears functional unit, beads like oxysomesOxysomes take part in ATP synthesisThus, The mitochondrion is shown is - option B. Structure B.
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Give two examples of two species that are the same would compete for the
Answers
Answer:
Compete for the same what?
Please help ASAP check below
Can you explain how genes and proteins are related to the trend
of malformations in frogs?
Answers
Answer:
The development of an organism, including a frog, is controlled by the expression of certain genes which code for specific proteins. Malformations in frogs can occur when there is a disruption in the normal expression of these genes or proteins.
For example, exposure to environmental factors such as pollutants or UV radiation can interfere with the normal expression of genes and proteins during frog development, leading to malformations such as extra limbs, missing eyes, or deformed organs.
Additionally, mutations in certain genes can also result in malformations. For instance, mutations in the genes responsible for regulating limb development can cause abnormalities in the number or shape of a frog's limbs.
Therefore, the relationship between genes and proteins is crucial in understanding how malformations occur in frogs, as disruptions in their normal expression can have profound effects on the development of the organism.
The scientific names of three animals leopard, wolf and lion in the family carnivora are; Panthera pardus, Canis lupas and Panthera leo respectively.
a) Why are scientific names given in Latin?
b) What does Canis refer to?
c) Giving a reason, state the organisms that are MOST closely related.
Answers
Answer:
a) Scientific names are given in Latin because Latin is a dead language and therefore does not change over time. This helps to ensure that scientists all over the world are able to communicate about the same organism using a standardized and unchanging system of naming.
b) Canis refers to the genus of the animal, in this case the wolf, which is a member of the Canidae family, which includes domestic dogs, coyotes, and jackals.
c) The organisms that are most closely related are Panthera pardus and Panthera leo, as they are both members of the Panthera genus. This is because they have a more recent common ancestor than the wolf (Canis lupus) and are more closely related on the evolutionary tree.
Explanation:
make me brainiest
a) Scientific names are given in Latin and other languages derived from Latin because it's a standardized language, meaning all biologist across the world can communicate and talk about organisms when everybody understands the same language.
b) Canis refers to the wolf, a genus in the canine family.
c) Panthera leo and Panthera pardus are most closely related because they are both part of the cat family, the Panthera genus.
Calculate the efficiency of aerobic respiration if
a cell generates 32 ATP molecules per molecule
of glucose.
Answers
A cell generates 32 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose is 56%.
32 x 12kcal/686kcal x 1005% = 56%
ATP molecules are produced intracellularly. The number will vary depending on the cell type being studied. Cellular respiration is the process by which biofuels are oxidized in the presence of inorganic electron acceptors, such as oxygen, to generate large amounts of energy and facilitate the mass production of ATP.
The primary fuel for cellular respiration is the glucose molecule which is used as energy. In the cellular world, energy is a charged molecule with three phosphate groups called adenosine triphosphate ATP. Cellular respiration produces a total of 36 ATP per molecule of glucose in three stages. Describe each stage of ATP production. The first step, glycolysis, occurs in the cytosol and binds two ATPs when the six-carbon glucose is split into two three-carbon fragments.
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Please help me...
Blonde hair (represented as b) is a recessive trait. If Julie has blonde hair, which of the following could have been her parents' genotypes?
A. Bb, bb
B. BB, bb
C. BB,BB
D. Bb,BB
Answers
I think its Bb, bb because if julie has blonde hair then it's most likely to be Bb, bb
If Julie has blonde hair, the genotypes of their parents could have been found to be Bb and bb. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
What do you mean by Genotypes?Genotypes may be defined as the ultimate combination of alleles of those genes which are selected for specific studies in order to express some genetic characteristics.
According to the context of this question, if the trait of Blonde hair is recessive in nature. This means that both the alleles of this gene are recessive, i.e. bb.
Now, if Julie has blonde hair, which means both alleles are recessive. So, the genotypes of parents of Julie are either homozygous recessive or heterozygous in nature. This characteristic is well determined by option 1.
Therefore, if Julie has blonde hair, the genotypes of their parents could have been found to be Bb and bb. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
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what are the types of gametes
Answers
In certain organisms, like humans, there are two morphologically distinct types of gametes: (1) the male gamete (i.e. sperm cell) and (2) the female gamete (i.e. ovum). The male gamete is smaller in size and motile whereas the female gamete is several times bigger and non-motile. The haploid condition of the two gametes is essential so that at fertilization during sexual reproduction the integrity of the chromosomal number is maintained throughout generations.
Hope this helps.
Answer:
Examples of Gametes. The two most common gametes are sperm and ova. These two haploid cells can undergo internal or external fertilization and can differ from each other in size, form, and function. Some species produce both sperm and ova within the same organism
the calvin cycle in a culture of algae grown in the light utilizes approximately 30,000 molecules of atp but only 20,000 molecules of nadph per hour. what is the source of the extra atp utilized?
Answers
The calvin cycle in a culture of algae grown in the light utilizes approximately 30,000 molecules of atp but only 20,000 molecules of nadph per hour. Cyclic electron flow is the source of the extra atp utilized.
The objective of this process is to synthesize ATP, so that proportion of ATP and NADPH could be met. To prevent photo-inhibition of PS 1 and 1.
It involved only Photosystem 1.(PS1) The process begins with the photo activation of chlorophyll molecule. The excited electrons at higher energy levels, emitted from the chlorophyll molecule is captured by electron acceptors and return to the chlorophyll molecule (rather than the usual PS) by chains of electron carriers. Therefore these electrons did not lose their energy as thermal energy.
Instead large quantity of energy is conserved for ATP synthesis , via chemosomosis with the resultant ATPs used in Calvin cycle for glucose, Amino acids and fatty acid production in light independent stage. The continuous cyclic flow of these electron carriers (instead of non cyclic flow or non cyclic photophosphorylation) ensures large quantity of energy conservation for the production of ATPs in chemosomosis. This explains the reasons for 30,000 molecules of ATPs consumed.
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antibodies bind to specific antigens because of the three-dimensional shape of the variable regions. true or false
Answers
The statement "antibodies bind to specific antigens because of the three-dimensional shape of the variable regions." is True.
Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of antigens, which are foreign substances like viruses or bacteria. The variable regions of antibodies are responsible for recognizing and binding to specific antigens based on their three-dimensional shape.
This recognition and binding process is highly specific, meaning that each antibody can only bind to a particular antigen with a complementary shape.
The structure of antibodies is made up of four polypeptide chains, two heavy chains, and two light chains. The variable regions are located at the tips of the arms of the antibody, and they contain hypervariable regions or complementarity-determining regions (CDRs).
The CDRs are responsible for antigen recognition and binding, and they are highly diverse, allowing antibodies to recognize and bind to a wide variety of antigens.
Once an antibody binds to an antigen, it can neutralize or eliminate the antigen through a variety of mechanisms, such as blocking its entry into cells or triggering the destruction of the antigen by immune cells. This process is essential for protecting the body against infection and disease.
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How does cohesion and adhesion allow water to move up a plant?
Answers
Cohesion and adhesion are two properties of water that allow it to move up a plant. Cohesion is the ability of water molecules to stick together, creating a surface tension that allows water to move in a cohesive column.
Adhesion is the ability of water molecules to cling to other surfaces, such as the walls of a tube or the side of a plant stem. This allows water to move along the stem, rising against the force of gravity.The combination of these two properties creates a process known as capillary action, cohesive force which is the ability of water to move up a plant stem due to surface tension. This process is driven by the attraction between water molecules and the walls of the tube. As the water molecules move up the tube, they pull more water molecules up behind them, creating a continuous column of water that rises up the stem. Capillary action is the primary mechanism that allows plants to absorb water from the soil and transport it up to the leaves and other parts of the plant.
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PBS Evolution: Great Transformations
1. If the world’s history were compressed into one hour, how long have humans been here?
Microbes. Single-celled organisms
2. How long ago did mammals first appear on earth?
Mammals first appeared about 200 million years ago
3. What type of animal did the skull that Dr. Gingrich discovered resemble?
Dr. Gingrich discovered resembled a whale
4. What did "Whale Valley" used to be?
Whale valley is a
5. What unusual feature did they find at the end of the early tetrapods’ limbs?
6. How long ago did animals first appear on Earth?
7. When the mouse "eyeless" gene was implanted into the fruit flies, what happened?
8. How would walking on two legs be an advantage?
9. What modifications does the human skeleton have?
Humans has the same transformation as other animals even though humans are special.
10. Summary/reflection:
Answers
Given that whales and other mammals resembled other mammals in terms of their skulls and other sculptures, based on the fossil evidence, humans have undergone evolutionary transitions.
The transition from land animals to whales is one of the most well-known instances of a supposed change cited by the evolution contingency in the opening of the program. The fossils of Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, Rhodocetus, Dorontid, and Basilosaurus show that this transition can be explained. Pakicetus only has a small portion of its cranium to display, as opposed to a whole transitional fossil.
The program portrays Ambulocetus as a fully preserved fossil of an aquatic mammal with legs, yet this is a stretch of the fact because the animal's skeleton was actually discovered to be extremely fragmented. Rhodocetus is solely represented in the series by a skull.
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What is a SYNONYM and ANTONYM for the word LIGHT SOURCE in terms of science?
Answers
Synonyms for light:
flash, glimmer, glint, glitter, scintillation, shimmer, sparkle, twinkle
daylight, moonlight, sunlight, sunshine
afterglow, aureole (or aureola), aurora, beam, halo, ray, shaft, streak, stream, sunbeam
glisten, gloss, luster (or lustre), polish, reflection, sheen
Antonyms for light:
blackness, dark, darkness, dimness, dusk, duskiness, gloom, night, shadow
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Which choice most accurately describes the effect of energy on materials during absorption?
The glass absorbs the visible light wave and reemits its energy as visible light. It absorbs the ultraviolet and infrared waves,
then converts the energy into heat. The temperature of the glass increases due to the absorption.
The glass does not absorb the energy of any of the waves. The ultraviolet, infrared, and visible waves are transmitted
through the glass. The temperature of the glass does not change.
The glass transmits the visible light wave. It also absorbs the ultraviolet and infrared light waves and reemits these waves as
visible light waves. The temperature of the glass does not change.
The glass absorbs ultraviolet, infrared, and visible waves and converted all their energy into heat. The temperature of the
glass increases due to the absorption. None of the light waves were reflected or refracted.
Answers
Answer:
The glass absorbs the visible light wave and reemits its energy as visible light. It absorbs the ultraviolet and infrared waves, then converts the energy into heat. The temperature of the glass increases due to the absorption.
Explanation: